Linux Standard Base Core Specification 3.0Preview1

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Portions of the text are copyrighted by the following parties:

  • The Regents of the University of California

  • Free Software Foundation

  • Ian F. Darwin

  • Paul Vixie

  • BSDI (now Wind River)

  • Andrew G Morgan

  • Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler

  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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Table of Contents
Specification Introduction
ELF Specification
Linux Standard Base Specification
Linux Packaging Specification
Free Documentation License

Foreword

This is version 3.0Preview1 of the Linux Standard Base Core Specification. An implementation of this version of the specification may not claim to be an implementation of the Linux Standard Base unless it has successfully completed the compliance process as defined by the Free Standards Group.


Introduction

The LSB defines a binary interface for application programs that are compiled and packaged for LSB-conforming implementations on many different hardware architectures. Since a binary specification shall include information specific to the computer processor architecture for which it is intended, it is not possible for a single document to specify the interface for all possible LSB-conforming implementations. Therefore, the LSB is a family of specifications, rather than a single one.

This document should be used in conjunction with the documents it references. This document enumerates the system components it includes, but descriptions of those components may be included entirely or partly in this document, partly in other documents, or entirely in other reference documents. For example, the section that describes system service routines includes a list of the system routines supported in this interface, formal declarations of the data structures they use that are visible to applications, and a pointer to the underlying referenced specification for information about the syntax and semantics of each call. Only those routines not described in standards referenced by this document, or extensions to those standards, are described in the detail. Information referenced in this way is as much a part of this document as is the information explicitly included here.

The specification carries a version number of either the form x.y or x.y.z. This version number carries the following meaning:

  • The first number (x) is the major version number. All versions with the same major version number should share binary compatibility. Any addition or deletion of a new library results in a new version number. Interfaces marked as deprecated may be removed from the specification at a major version change.

  • The second number (y) is the minor version number. Individual interfaces may be added if all certified implementations already had that (previously undocumented) interface. Interfaces may be marked as deprecated at a minor version change. Other minor changes may be permitted at the discretion of the LSB workgroup.

  • The third number (z), if present, is the editorial level. Only editorial changes should be included in such versions.


Chapter 1. Scope

1.1. General

The Linux Standard Base (LSB) defines a system interface for compiled applications and a minimal environment for support of installation scripts. Its purpose is to enable a uniform industry standard environment for high-volume applications conforming to the LSB.

These specifications are composed of two basic parts: A common specification ("LSB-generic") describing those parts of the interface that remain constant across all implementations of the LSB, and an architecture-specific specification ("LSB-arch") describing the parts of the interface that vary by processor architecture. Together, the LSB-generic and the architecture-specific supplement for a single hardware architecture provide a complete interface specification for compiled application programs on systems that share a common hardware architecture.

The LSB-generic document shall be used in conjunction with an architecture-specific supplement. Whenever a section of the LSB-generic specification shall be supplemented by architecture-specific information, the LSB-generic document includes a reference to the architecture supplement. Architecture supplements may also contain additional information that is not referenced in the LSB-generic document.

The LSB contains both a set of Application Program Interfaces (APIs) and Application Binary Interfaces (ABIs). APIs may appear in the source code of portable applications, while the compiled binary of that application may use the larger set of ABIs. A conforming implementation shall provide all of the ABIs listed here. The compilation system may replace (e.g. by macro definition) certain APIs with calls to one or more of the underlying binary interfaces, and may insert calls to binary interfaces as needed.

The LSB is primarily a binary interface definition. Not all of the source level APIs available to applications may be contained in this specification.


1.2. Module Specific Scope

This is the Core module of the Linux Standards Base (LSB). This module provides the fundamental system interfaces, libraries, and runtime environment upon which all conforming applications and libraries depend.

Interfaces described in this module are mandatory except where explicitly listed otherwise. Core interfaces may be supplemented by other modules; all modules are built upon the core.


Chapter 2. Normative References

The specifications listed below are referenced in whole or in part by the Linux Standard Base. In this specification, where only a particular section of one of these references is identified, then the normative reference is to that section alone, and the rest of the referenced document is informative.

Table 2-1. Normative References

NameTitleURL
DWARF Debugging Information FormatDWARF Debugging Information Format, Revision 2.0.0 (July 27, 1993)http://www.eagercon.com/dwarf/dwarf-2.0.0.pdf
Filesystem Hierarchy StandardFilesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) 2.3http://www.pathname.com/fhs/
Gdk 2.6.2 Reference ManualGdk 2.6.2 Reference Manualhttp://www.gtk.org/api/2.6/gdk/index.html
Gdk-pixbuf 2.6.2 Reference ManualGdk-pixbuf 2.6.2 Reference Manualhttp://www.gtk.org/api/2.6/gdk-pixbuf/index.html
Glib 2.6.2 Reference ManualGlib 2.6.2 Reference Manualhttp://www.gtk.org/api/2.6/glib/index.html
Gobject 2.6.2 Reference ManualGobject 2.6.2 Reference Manualhttp://www.gtk.org/api/2.6/gobject/index.html
Gtk 2.6.2 Reference ManualGtk 2.6.2 Reference Manualhttp://www.gtk.org/api/2.6/gtk/index.html
IEEE Std 754-1985IEEE Standard 754 for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetichttp://www.ieee.org/
ISO C (1999)ISO/IEC 9899: 1999, Programming Languages --C
ISO POSIX (2003)

ISO/IEC 9945-1:2003 Information technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) -- Part 1: Base Definitions

ISO/IEC 9945-2:2003 Information technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) -- Part 2: System Interfaces

ISO/IEC 9945-3:2003 Information technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) -- Part 3: Shell and Utilities

ISO/IEC 9945-4:2003 Information technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) -- Part 4: Rationale

Including Technical Cor. 1: 2004

http://www.unix.org/version3/
ISO/IEC TR14652ISO/IEC Technical Report 14652:2002 Specification method for cultural conventions
ITU-T V.42International Telecommunication Union Recommendation V.42 (2002): Error-correcting procedures for DCEs using asynchronous-to-synchronous conversionITUVhttp://www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=folders&lang=e&parent=T-REC-V.42
Large File SupportLarge File Supporthttp://www.UNIX-systems.org/version2/whatsnew/lfs20mar.html
Li18nux Globalization SpecificationLI18NUX 2000 Globalization Specification, Version 1.0 with Amendment 4http://www.li18nux.org/docs/html/LI18NUX-2000-amd4.htm
Linux Allocated Device RegistryLINUX ALLOCATED DEVICEShttp://www.lanana.org/docs/device-list/devices.txt
PAMOpen Software Foundation, Request For Comments: 86.0 , October 1995, V. Samar & R.Schemers (SunSoft)http://www.opengroup.org/tech/rfc/mirror-rfc/rfc86.0.txt
RFC 1321: The MD5 Message-Digest AlgorithmIETF RFC 1321: The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithmhttp://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1321.txt
RFC 1833: Binding Protocols for ONC RPC Version 2IETF RFC 1833: Binding Protocols for ONC RPC Version 2http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1833.txt
RFC 1950: ZLIB Compressed Data Format SpecicationIETF RFC 1950: ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specificationhttp://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1950.txt
RFC 1951: DEFLATE Compressed Data Format SpecificationIETF RFC 1951: DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1951.txt
RFC 1952: GZIP File Format SpecificationIETF RFC 1952: GZIP file format specification version 4.3http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1952.txt
RFC 2440: OpenPGP Message FormatIETF RFC 2440: OpenPGP Message Formathttp://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2440.txt
RFC 2821:Simple Mail Transfer ProtocolIETF RFC 2821: Simple Mail Transfer Protocolhttp://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2821.txt
RFC 2822:Internet Message FormatIETF RFC 2822: Internet Message Formathttp://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2822.txt
RFC 791:Internet ProtocolIETF RFC 791: Internet Protocol Specificationhttp://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc791.txt
SUSv2CAE Specification, January 1997, System Interfaces and Headers (XSH),Issue 5 (ISBN: 1-85912-181-0, C606)http://www.opengroup.org/publications/catalog/un.htm
SUSv2 Commands and UtilitiesThe Single UNIX® Specification(SUS) Version 2, Commands and Utilities (XCU), Issue 5 (ISBN: 1-85912-191-8, C604)http://www.opengroup.org/publications/catalog/un.htm
SVID Issue 3American Telephone and Telegraph Company, System V Interface Definition, Issue 3 ; Morristown, NJ, UNIX Press, 1989.(ISBN 0201566524)
SVID Issue 4System V Interface Definition,Fourth Edition
System V ABISystem V Application Binary Interface, Edition 4.1http://www.caldera.com/developers/devspecs/gabi41.pdf
System V ABI UpdateSystem V Application Binary Interface - DRAFT - 17 December 2003http://www.caldera.com/developers/gabi/2003-12-17/contents.html
this specificationLinux Standard Basehttp://www.linuxbase.org/spec/
X/Open CursesCAE Specification, May 1996, X/Open Curses, Issue 4, Version 2 (ISBN: 1-85912-171-3, C610), plus Corrigendum U018http://www.opengroup.org/publications/catalog/un.htm

Chapter 3. Requirements

3.1. Relevant Libraries

The libraries listed in Table 3-1 shall be available on a Linux Standard Base system, with the specified runtime names. The libraries listed in Table 3-2 are architecture specific, but shall be available on all LSB conforming systems. This list may be supplemented or amended by the architecture-specific specification.

Table 3-1. Standard Library Names

LibraryRuntime Name
libdllibdl.so.2
libcryptlibcrypt.so.1
libzlibz.so.1
libncurseslibncurses.so.5
libutillibutil.so.1
libpthreadlibpthread.so.0
libpamlibpam.so.0
libgcc_slibgcc_s.so.1

Table 3-2. Standard Library Names defined in the Architecture Specific Supplement

LibraryRuntime Name
libmSee archLSB
libcSee archLSB
proginterpSee archLSB

These libraries will be in an implementation-defined directory which the dynamic linker shall search by default.


3.2. LSB Implementation Conformance

A conforming implementation shall satisfy the following requirements:

  • The implementation shall implement fully the architecture described in the hardware manual for the target processor architecture.

  • The implementation shall be capable of executing compiled applications having the format and using the system interfaces described in this document.

  • The implementation shall provide libraries containing the interfaces specified by this document, and shall provide a dynamic linking mechanism that allows these interfaces to be attached to applications at runtime. All the interfaces shall behave as specified in this document.

  • The map of virtual memory provided by the implementation shall conform to the requirements of this document.

  • The implementation's low-level behavior with respect to function call linkage, system traps, signals, and other such activities shall conform to the formats described in this document.

  • The implementation shall provide all of the mandatory interfaces in their entirety.

  • The implementation may provide one or more of the optional interfaces. Each optional interface that is provided shall be provided in its entirety. The product documentation shall state which optional interfaces are provided.

  • The implementation shall provide all files and utilities specified as part of this document in the format defined here and in other referenced documents. All commands and utilities shall behave as required by this document. The implementation shall also provide all mandatory components of an application's runtime environment that are included or referenced in this document.

  • The implementation, when provided with standard data formats and values at a named interface, shall provide the behavior defined for those values and data formats at that interface. However, a conforming implementation may consist of components which are separately packaged and/or sold. For example, a vendor of a conforming implementation might sell the hardware, operating system, and windowing system as separately packaged items.

  • The implementation may provide additional interfaces with different names. It may also provide additional behavior corresponding to data values outside the standard ranges, for standard named interfaces.


3.3. LSB Application Conformance

A conforming application shall satisfy the following requirements:

  • Its executable files are either shell scripts or object files in the format defined for the Object File Format system interface.

  • Its object files participate in dynamic linking as defined in the Program Loading and Linking System interface.

  • It employs only the instructions, traps, and other low-level facilities defined in the Low-Level System interface as being for use by applications.

  • If it requires any optional interface defined in this document in order to be installed or to execute successfully, the requirement for that optional interface is stated in the application's documentation.

  • It does not use any interface or data format that is not required to be provided by a conforming implementation, unless:

    • If such an interface or data format is supplied by another application through direct invocation of that application during execution, that application is in turn an LSB conforming application.

    • The use of that interface or data format, as well as its source, is identified in the documentation of the application.

  • It shall not use any values for a named interface that are reserved for vendor extensions.

A strictly conforming application does not require or use any interface, facility, or implementation-defined extension that is not defined in this document in order to be installed or to execute successfully.


Chapter 4. Definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following definitions, as specified in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, 2001, 4th Edition, apply:

can

be able to; there is a possibility of; it is possible to

cannot

be unable to; there is no possibilty of; it is not possible to

may

is permitted; is allowed; is permissible

need not

it is not required that; no...is required

shall

is to; is required to; it is required that; has to; only...is permitted; it is necessary

shall not

is not allowed [permitted] [acceptable] [permissible]; is required to be not; is required that...be not; is not to be

should

it is recommended that; ought to

should not

it is not recommended that; ought not to


Chapter 5. Terminology

For the purposes of this document, the following terms apply:

archLSB

The architectural part of the LSB Specification which describes the specific parts of the interface that are platform specific. The archLSB is complementary to the gLSB.

Binary Standard

The total set of interfaces that are available to be used in the compiled binary code of a conforming application.

gLSB

The common part of the LSB Specification that describes those parts of the interface that remain constant across all hardware implementations of the LSB.

implementation-defined

Describes a value or behavior that is not defined by this document but is selected by an implementor. The value or behavior may vary among implementations that conform to this document. An application should not rely on the existence of the value or behavior. An application that relies on such a value or behavior cannot be assured to be portable across conforming implementations. The implementor shall document such a value or behavior so that it can be used correctly by an application.

Shell Script

A file that is read by an interpreter (e.g., awk). The first line of the shell script includes a reference to its interpreter binary.

Source Standard

The set of interfaces that are available to be used in the source code of a conforming application.

undefined

Describes the nature of a value or behavior not defined by this document which results from use of an invalid program construct or invalid data input. The value or behavior may vary among implementations that conform to this document. An application should not rely on the existence or validity of the value or behavior. An application that relies on any particular value or behavior cannot be assured to be portable across conforming implementations.

unspecified

Describes the nature of a value or behavior not specified by this document which results from use of a valid program construct or valid data input. The value or behavior may vary among implementations that conform to this document. An application should not rely on the existence or validity of the value or behavior. An application that relies on any particular value or behavior cannot be assured to be portable across conforming implementations.

Other terms and definitions used in this document shall have the same meaning as defined in Chapter 3 of the Base Definitions volume of ISO POSIX (2003).


Chapter 6. Documentation Conventions

Throughout this document, the following typographic conventions are used:

function()

the name of a function

command

the name of a command or utility

CONSTANT

a constant value

parameter

a parameter

variable

a variable

Throughout this specification, several tables of interfaces are presented. Each entry in these tables has the following format:

name

the name of the interface

(symver)

An optional symbol version identifier, if required.

[refno]

A reference number indexing the table of referenced specifications that follows this table.

For example,

forkpty(GLIBC_2.0) [1]

refers to the interface named forkpty() with symbol version GLIBC_2.0 that is defined in the first of the listed references below the table.


Chapter 7. Relationship To ISO/IEC 9945 POSIX

This specification includes many interfaces described in ISO POSIX (2003). Unless otherwise specified, such interfaces should behave exactly as described in that specification. Any conflict between the requirements described here and the ISO POSIX (2003) standard is unintentional, except as explicitly noted otherwise.

Note: In addition to the differences noted inline in this specification, PDTR 24715 has extracted the differences between this specification and ISO POSIX (2003) into a single place. It is the long term plan of the LSB to converge with ISO/IEC 9945 POSIX.

The LSB Specification Authority is responsible for deciding the meaning of conformance to normative referenced standards in the LSB context. Problem Reports regarding underlying or referenced standards in any other context will be referred to the relevant maintenance body for that standard.

I. Low Level System Information


Chapter 1. Operating System Interface

LSB-conforming applications shall assume that stack, heap and other allocated memory regions will be non-executable. The application must take steps to make them executable if needed.


Chapter 2. Machine Interface

2.1. Data Representation

LSB-conforming applications shall use the data representation as defined in the Arcitecture specific ELF documents.


2.1.1. Fundamental Types

In addition to the fundamental types specified in the Architecture specific ELF documents, a 1 byte data type is defined here.

Table 2-1. Scalar Types

TypeCC++sizeofAlignment (bytes)Architecture Representation
Integral_Boolbool11byte


Chapter 3. Object Files

LSB-conforming implementations shall support the object file Executable and Linking Format (ELF), which is defined by the following documents:

Conforming implementations may also support other unspecified object file formats.


Chapter 4. Sections

4.1. Introduction

As described in System V ABI, an ELF object file contains a number of sections.


4.2. Sections Types

The section header table is an array of Elf32_Shdr or Elf64_Shdr structures as described in System V ABI. The sh_type member shall be either a value from Table 4-1, drawn from the System V ABI, or one of the additional values specified in Table 4-2.

A section header's sh_type member specifies the sections's semantics.


4.2.1. ELF Section Types

The following section types are defined in the System V ABI and the System V ABI Update.

Table 4-1. ELF Section Types

NameValueDescription
SHT_DYNAMIC0x6The section holds information for dynamic linking. Currently, an object file shall have only one dynamic section, but this restriction may be relaxed in the future. See `Dynamic Section' in Chapter 5 for details.
SHT_DYNSYM0xbThis section holds a minimal set of symbols adequate for dynamic linking. See also SHT_SYMTAB. Currently, an object file may have either a section of SHT_SYMTAB type or a section of SHT_DYNSYM type, but not both. This restriction may be relaxed in the future.
SHT_FINI_ARRAY0xfThis section contains an array of pointers to termination functions, as described in `Initialization and Termination Functions' in Chapter 5. Each pointer in the array is taken as a parameterless procedure with a void return.
SHT_HASH0x5The section holds a symbol hash table. Currently, an object file shall have only one hash table, but this restriction may be relaxed in the future. See `Hash Table' in the Chapter 5 for details.
SHT_HIPROC0x7fffffffValues in this inclusive range are reserved for processor-specific semantics.
SHT_HIUSER0xffffffffThis value specifies the upper bound of the range of indexes reserved for application programs. Section types between SHT_LOUSER and SHT_HIUSER can be used by the application, without conflicting with current or future system-defined section types.
SHT_INIT_ARRAY0xeThis section contains an array of pointers to initialization functions, as described in `Initialization and Termination Functions' in Chapter 5. Each pointer in the array is taken as a parameterless procedure with a void return.
SHT_LOPROC0x70000000Values in this inclusive range are reserved for processor-specific semantics.
SHT_LOUSER0x80000000This value specifies the lower bound of the range of indexes reserved for application programs.
SHT_NOBITS0x8A section of this type occupies no space in the file but otherwise resembles SHT_PROGBITS. Although this section contains no bytes, the sh_offset member contains the conceptual file offset.
SHT_NOTE0x7The section holds information that marks the file in some way. See `Note Section' in Chapter 5 for details.
SHT_NULL0x0This value marks the section header as inactive; it does not have an associated section. Other members of the section header have undefined values.
SHT_PREINIT_ARRAY0x10This section contains an array of pointers to functions that are invoked before all other initialization functions, as described in `Initialization and Termination Functions' in Chapter 5. Each pointer in the array is taken as a parameterless proceure with a void return.
SHT_PROGBITS0x1The section holds information defined by the program, whose format and meaning are determined solely by the program.
SHT_REL0x9The section holds relocation entries without explicit addends, such as type Elf32_Rel for the 32-bit class of object files or type Elf64_Rel for the 64-bit class of object files. An object file may have multiple relocation sections. See "Relocation"
SHT_RELA0x4The section holds relocation entries with explicit addends, such as type Elf32_Rela for the 32-bit class of object files or type Elf64_Rela for the 64-bit class of object files. An object file may have multiple relocation sections. `Relocation' b
SHT_SHLIB0xaThis section type is reserved but has unspecified semantics.
SHT_STRTAB0x3The section holds a string table. An object file may have multiple string table sections. See `String Table' below for details.
SHT_SYMTAB0x2This section holds a symbol table. Currently, an object file may have either a section of SHT_SYMTAB type or a section of SHT_DYNSYM type, but not both. This restriction may be relaxed in the future. Typically, SHT_SYMTAB provides symbols for link editing, though it may also be used for dynamic linking. As a complete symbol table, it may contain many symbols unnecessary for dynamic linking.


4.2.2. Additional Section Types

The following additional section types are defined here.

Table 4-2. Additional Section Types

NameValueDescription
SHT_GNU_verdef0x6ffffffdThis section contains the symbol versions that are provided.
SHT_GNU_verneed0x6ffffffeThis section contains the symbol versions that are required.
SHT_GNU_versym0x6fffffffThis section contains the Symbol Version Table.


Chapter 5. Special Sections

5.1. Special Sections

Various sections hold program and control information. Sections in the lists below are used by the system and have the indicated types and attributes.


5.1.1. ELF Special Sections

The following sections are defined in the System V ABI and the System V ABI Update.

Table 5-1. ELF Special Sections

NameTypeAttributes
.bssSHT_NOBITSSHF_ALLOC+SHF_WRITE
.commentSHT_PROGBITS0
.dataSHT_PROGBITSSHF_ALLOC+SHF_WRITE
.data1SHT_PROGBITSSHF_ALLOC+SHF_WRITE
.debugSHT_PROGBITS0
.dynamicSHT_DYNAMICSHF_ALLOC+SHF_WRITE
.dynstrSHT_STRTABSHF_ALLOC
.dynsymSHT_DYNSYMSHF_ALLOC
.finiSHT_PROGBITSSHF_ALLOC+SHF_EXECINSTR
.fini_arraySHT_FINI_ARRAYSHF_ALLOC+SHF_WRITE
.hashSHT_HASHSHF_ALLOC
.initSHT_PROGBITSSHF_ALLOC+SHF_EXECINSTR
.init_arraySHT_INIT_ARRAY SHF_ALLOC+SHF_WRITE
.interpSHT_PROGBITSSHF_ALLOC
.lineSHT_PROGBITS0
.noteSHT_NOTE0
.preinit_arraySHT_PREINIT_ARRAYSHF_ALLOC+SHF_WRITE
.rodataSHT_PROGBITSSHF_ALLOC
.rodata1SHT_PROGBITSSHF_ALLOC
.shstrtabSHT_STRTAB0
.strtabSHT_STRTABSHF_ALLOC
.symtabSHT_SYMTABSHF_ALLOC
.tbssSHT_NOBITSSHF_ALLOC+SHF_WRITE+SHF_TLS
.tdataSHT_PROGBITSSHF_ALLOC+SHF_WRITE+SHF_TLS
.textSHT_PROGBITSSHF_ALLOC+SHF_EXECINSTR

.bss

This section holds data that contributes to the program's memory image. The program may treat this data as uninitialized. However, the system shall initialize this data with zeroes when the program begins to run. The section occupies no file space, as indicated by the section type, SHT_NOBITS

.comment

This section holds version control information.

.data

This section holds initialized data that contribute to the program's memory image.

.data1

This section holds initialized data that contribute to the program's memory image.

.debug

This section holds information for symbolic debugging. The contents are unspecified. All section names with the prefix .debug hold information for symbolic debugging. The contents of these sections are unspecified.

.dynamic

This section holds dynamic linking information. The section's attributes will include the SHF_ALLOC bit. Whether the SHF_WRITE bit is set is processor specific. See Chapter 5 for more information.

.dynstr

This section holds strings needed for dynamic linking, most commonly the strings that represent the names associated with symbol table entries. See Chapter 5 for more information.

.dynsym

This section holds the dynamic linking symbol table, as described in `Symbol Table'. See Chapter 5 for more information.

.fini

This section holds executable instructions that contribute to the process termination code. That is, when a program exits normally, the system arranges to execute the code in this section.

.fini_array

This section holds an array of function pointers that contributes to a single termination array for the executable or shared object containing the section.

.hash

This section holds a symbol hash table. See `Hash Table' in Chapter 5 for more information.

.init

This section holds executable instructions that contribute to the process initialization code. When a program starts to run, the system arranges to execute the code in this section before calling the main program entry point (called main for C programs)

.init_array

This section holds an array of function pointers that contributes to a single initialization array for the executable or shared object containing the section.

.interp

This section holds the path name of a program interpreter. If the file has a loadable segment that includes relocation, the sections' attributes will include the SHF_ALLOC bit; otherwise, that bit will be off. See Chapter 5 for more information.

.line

This section holds line number information for symbolic debugging, which describes the correspondence between the source program and the machine code. The contents are unspecified.

.note

This section holds information in the format that `Note Section' in Chapter 5 describes of the System V Application Binary Interface, Edition 4.1.

.preinit_array

This section holds an array of function pointers that contributes to a single pre-initialization array for the executable or shared object containing the section.

.rodata

This section holds read-only data that typically contribute to a non-writable segment in the process image. See `Program Header' in Chapter 5 for more information.

.rodata1

This section hold sread-only data that typically contribute to a non-writable segment in the process image. See `Program Header' in Chapter 5 for more information.

.shstrtab

This section holds section names.

.strtab

This section holds strings, most commonly the strings that represent the names associated with symbol table entries. If the file has a loadable segment that includes the symbol string table, the section's attributes will include the SHF_ALLOC bit; otherwi

.symtab

This section holds a symbol table, as `Symbol Table'. in this chapter describes. If the file has a loadable segment that includes the symbol table, the section's attributes will include the SHF_ALLOC bit; otherwise, that bit will be off.

.tbss

This section holds uninitialized thread-local data that contribute to the program's memory image. By definition, the system initializes the data with zeros when the data is instantiated for each new execution flow. The section occupies no file space, as indicated by the section type, SHT_NOBITS. Implementations need not support thread-local storage.

.tdata

This section holds initialized thread-local data that contributes to the program's memory image. A copy of its contents is instantiated by the system for each new execution flow. Implementations need not support thread-local storage.

.text

This section holds the `text,' or executable instructions, of a program.


5.1.2. Additional Special Sections

Object files in an LSB conforming application may also contain one or more of the additional special sections described below.

Table 5-2. Additional Special Sections

NameTypeAttributes
.ctorsSHT_PROGBITSSHF_ALLOC+SHF_WRITE
.dtorsSHT_PROGBITSSHF_ALLOC+SHF_WRITE
.eh_frameSHT_PROGBITSSHF_ALLOC
.eh_frame_hdrSHT_PROGBITSSHF_ALLOC
.gnu.versionSHT_GNU_versymSHF_ALLOC
.gnu.version_dSHT_GNU_verdefSHF_ALLOC
.gnu.version_rSHT_GNU_verneedSHF_ALLOC
.jcrSHT_PROGBITSSHF_ALLOC+SHF_WRITE
.note.ABI-tagSHT_NOTESHF_ALLOC
.stabSHT_PROGBITS0
.stabstrSHT_STRTAB0

.ctors

This section contains a list of global constructor function pointers.

.dtors

This section contains a list of global destructor function pointers.

.eh_frame

This section contains information necessary for frame unwinding during exception handling.

.eh_frame_hdr

This section contains a pointer to the .eh_frame section which is accessible to the runtime support code of a C++ application. This section may also contain a binary search table which may be used by the runtime support code to more efficiently access records in the .eh_frame section.

.gnu.version

This section contains the Symbol Version Table.

.gnu.version_d

This section contains the Version Definitions.

.gnu.version_r

This section contains the Version Requirments.

.jcr

This section contains information necessary for registering compiled Java classes. The contents are compiler-specific and used by compiler initialization functions.

.note.ABI-tag

Specify ABI details.

.stab

This section contains debugging information. The contents are not specified as part of the LSB.

.stabstr

This section contains strings associated with the debugging infomation contained in the .stab section.


Chapter 6. Symbol Mapping

6.1. Introduction

This chapter defines how names are mapped from the source symbol to the object symbol.


6.2. Symbol Mapping

Symbols in a source program are translated by the compilation system into symbols that exist in the object file. The rules for this translation are defined here.


6.2.1. C Language

External C symbols have the same names in C and object files' symbol tables.


Chapter 7. DWARF Extensions

In addition to the Call Frame Instructions defined in section 6.4.2 of DWARF Debugging Information Format, the following Call Frame Instructions may also be used.

Table 7-1. Additional DWARF Call Frame Instructions

NameValueMeaning
DW_CFA_expression0x10The DW_CFA_expression instruction takes two operands: an unsigned LEB128 value representing a register number, and a DW_FORM_block value representing a DWARF expression. The required action is to establish the DWARF expression as the means by which the address in which the given register contents are found may be computed. The value of the CFA is pushed on the DWARF evaluation stack prior to execution of the DWARF expression. The DW_OP_call2, DW_OP_call4, DW_OP_call_ref and DW_OP_push_object_address DWARF operators (see Section 2.4.1 of DWARF Debugging Information Format) cannot be used in such a DWARF expression.
DW_CFA_offset_extended_sf0x11The DW_CFA_offset_extended_sf instruction takes two operands: an unsigned LEB128 value representing a register number and a signed LEB128 factored offset. This instruction is identical to DW_CFA_offset_extended except that the second operand is signed.
DW_CFA_def_cfa_sf0x12The DW_CFA_def_cfa_sf instruction takes two operands: an unsigned LEB128 value representing a register number and a signed LEB128 factored offset. This instruction is identical to DW_CFA_def_cfa except that the second operand is signed and factored.
DW_CFA_def_cfa_offset_sf0x13The DW_CFA_def_cfa_offset_sf instruction takes a signed LEB128 operand representing a factored offset. This instruction is identical to DW_CFA_def_cfa_offset except that the operand is signed and factored.
DW_CFA_GNU_args_size0x2eThe DW_CFA_def_cfa_offset_sf instruction takes an unsigned LEB128 operand representing an argument size.
DW_CFA_GNU_negative_offset_extended0x2fThe DW_CFA_def_cfa_sf instruction takes two operands: an unsigned LEB128 value representing a register number and an unsigned LEB128 which represents the magnitude of the offset. This instruction is identical to DW_CFA_offset_extended_sf except that the operand is subtracted to produce the offset. This instructions is obsoleted by DW_CFA_offset_extended_sf.

Chapter 8. EH Frame

This chapter will contain a formal description of the contents of the .eh_frame_hdr section.


Chapter 9. EH Frame Header

9.1. Introduction

The .eh_frame_hdr section contains additional information about the .eh_frame section. A pointer to the start of the .eh_frame data, and optionally, a binary search table of pointers to the .eh_frame records are found in this section.

Data in this section is encoded according to the DWARF Exception Header Encoding described below.

Table 9-1. .eh_frame_hdr Section Format

EncodingField
unsigned byteversion
unsigned byteeh_frame_ptr_enc
unsigned bytefde_count_enc
unsigned bytetable_enc
encodedeh_frame_ptr
encodedfde_count
 binary search table

version

Version of the .eh_frame_hdr format. This value shall be 1.

eh_frame_ptr_enc

The encoding format of the eh_frame_ptr field.

fde_count_enc

The encoding format of the fde_count field. A value of DW_EH_PE_omit indicates the binary search table is not present.

table_enc

The encoding format of the entries in the binary search table. A value of DW_EH_PE_omit indicates the binary search table is not present.

eh_frame_ptr

The encoded value of the pointer to the start of the .eh_frame section.

fde_count

The encoded value of the count of entries in the binary search table.

binary search table

A binary search table containing fde_count entries. Each entry of the table consist of two encoded values, the initial location, and the address. The entries are sorted in an increasing order by the initial location value.


9.2. DWARF Exception Header Encoding

The DWARF Exception Header Encoding is used to describe the type of data used in the .eh_frame_hdr section. The upper 4 bits indicate how the value is to be applied. The lower 4 bits indicate the format of the data.

Table 9-2. DWARF Exception Header value format

NameValueMeaning
DW_EH_PE_omit0xffNo value is present.
DW_EH_PE_uleb1280x01Unsigned value is encoded using the Little Endian Base 128 (LEB128) as defined by DWARF Debugging Information Format.
DW_EH_PE_udata20x02A 2 bytes unsigned value.
DW_EH_PE_udata40x03A 4 bytes unsigned value.
DW_EH_PE_udata80x04An 8 bytes unsigned value.
DW_EH_PE_sleb1280x09Signed value is encoded using the Little Endian Base 128 (LEB128) as defined by DWARF Debugging Information Format.
DW_EH_PE_sdata20x0AA 2 bytes signed value.
DW_EH_PE_sdata40x0BA 4 bytes signed value.
DW_EH_PE_sdata80x0CAn 8 bytes signed value.

Table 9-3. DWARF Exception Header application

NameValueMeaning
DW_EH_PE_absptr0x00Value is used with no modification.
DW_EH_PE_pcrel0x10Value is reletive to the current program counter.
DW_EH_PE_datarel0x30Value is reletive to the beginning of the .eh_frame_hdr section.
DW_EH_PE_omit0xffNo value is present.

Chapter 10. Symbol Versioning

10.1. Introduction

This chapter describes the Symbol Versioning mechanism. All ELF objects may provide or depend on versioned symbols. Symbol Versioning is implemented by 3 section types: SHT_GNU_versym, SHT_GNU_verdef, and SHT_GNU_verneed.

The prefix Elfxx in the following descriptions and code fragments stands for either "Elf32" or "Elf64", depending on the architecture.

Versions are described by strings. The structures that are used for symbol versions also contain a member that holds the ELF hashing values of the strings. This allows for more efficient processing.


10.2. Symbol Version Table

The special section .gnu.version which has a section type of SHT_GNU_versym shall contain the Symbol Version Table. This section shall have the same number of entries as the Dynamic Symbol Table in the .dynsym section.

The .gnu.version section shall contain an array of elements of type Elfxx_Half. Each entry specifies the version defined for or required by the corresponding symbol in the Dynamic Symbol Table.

The values in the Symbol Version Table are specific to the object in which they are located. These values are identifiers that are provided by the the vna_other member of the Elfxx_Vernaux structure or the vd_ndx member of the Elfxx_Verdef structure.

The values 0 and 1 are reserved.

0

The symbol is local, not available outside the object.

1

The symbol is defined in this object and is globally available.

All other values are used to identify version strings located in one of the other Symbol Version sections. The value itself is not the version associated with the symbol. The string identified by the value defines the version of the symbol.


10.3. Version Definitions

Symbol definitions are contained in the special section .gnu.version_d which has a section type of SHT_GNU_verdef. The number of entries in this section is contained in the DT_VERDEFNUM entry of the Dynamic Section. The sh_link member of the section header points to the section that contains the strings referenced by this section.

The special section .gnu.version_d which has a section type of SHT_GNU_verdef shall contain symbol version definitions. The number of entries in this section shall be contained in the DT_VERDEFNUM entry of the Dynamic Section .dynamic. The sh_link member of the section header (see figure 4-8 in the System V ABI) shall point to the section that contains the strings referenced by this section.

The section shall contain an array of Elfxx_Verdef structures, as described in Figure 10-1, optionally followed by an array of Elfxx_Verdaux structures, as defined in Figure 10-2.

typedef struct {
	Elfxx_Half    vd_version;
	Elfxx_Half    vd_flags;
	Elfxx_Half    vd_ndx;
	Elfxx_Half    vd_cnt;
	Elfxx_Word    vd_hash;
	Elfxx_Word    vd_aux;
	Elfxx_Word    vd_next;
} Elfxx_Verdef;

Figure 10-1. Version Definition Entries

vd_version

Version revision. This field shall be set to 1.

vd_flags

Version information flag bitmask.

vd_ndx

Version index numeric value referencing the SHT_GNU_versym section.

vd_cnt

Number of associated verdaux array entries.

vd_hash

Version name hash value (ELF hash function).

vd_aux

Offset in bytes to a corresponding entry in an array of Elfxx_Verdaux structures as defined in Figure 10-2

vd_next

Offset to the next verdef entry, in bytes.

typedef struct {
	Elfxx_Word    vda_name;
	Elfxx_Word    vda_next;
} Elfxx_Verdaux;

Figure 10-2. Version Definition Auxiliary Entries

vda_name

Offset to the version or dependency name string in the section header, in bytes.

vda_next

Offset to the next verdaux entry, in bytes.


10.4. Version Requirements

The special section .gnu.version_r which has a section type of SHT_GNU_verneed shall contain required symbol version definitions. The number of entries in this section shall be contained in the DT_VERNEEDNUM entry of the Dynamic Section .dynamic. The sh_link member of the section header (see figure 4-8 in System V ABI) shall point to the section that contains the strings referenced by this section.

The section shall contain an array of Elfxx_Verneed structures, as described in Figure 10-3, optionally followed by an array of Elfxx_Vernaux structures, as defined in Figure 10-4.

typedef struct {
	Elfxx_Half    vn_version;
	Elfxx_Half    vn_cnt;
	Elfxx_Word    vn_file;
	Elfxx_Word    vn_aux;
	Elfxx_Word    vn_next;
} Elfxx_Verneed;

Figure 10-3. Version Needed Entries

vn_version

Version of structure. This value is currently set to 1, and will be reset if the versioning implementation is incompatibly altered.

vn_cnt

Number of associated verneed array entries.

vn_file

Offset to the file name string in the section header, in bytes.

vn_aux

Offset to a corresponding entry in the vernaux array, in bytes.

vn_next

Offset to the next verneed entry, in bytes.

typedef struct {
	Elfxx_Word    vna_hash;
	Elfxx_Half    vna_flags;
	Elfxx_Half    vna_other;
	Elfxx_Word    vna_name;
	Elfxx_Word    vna_next;
} Elfxx_Vernaux;

Figure 10-4. Version Needed Auxiliary Entries

vna_hash

Dependency name hash value (ELF hash function).

vna_flags

Dependency information flag bitmask.

vna_other

Object file version identifier used in the .gnu.version symbol version array. Bit number 15 controls whether or not the object is hidden; if this bit is set, the object cannot be used and the static linker will ignore the symbol's presence in the object.

vna_name

Offset to the dependency name string in the section header, in bytes.

vna_next

Offset to the next vernaux entry, in bytes.


10.5. Startup Sequence

When loading a sharable object the system shall analyze version definition data from the loaded object to assure that it meets the version requirements of the calling object. This step is referred to as definition testing. The dynamic loader shall retrieve the entries in the caller's Elfxx_Verneed array and attempt to find matching definition information in the loaded Elfxx_Verdef table.

Each object and dependency shall be tested in turn. If a symbol definition is missing and the vna_flags bit for VER_FLG_WEAK is not set, the loader shall return an error and exit. If the vna_flags bit for VER_FLG_WEAK is set in the Elfxx_Vernaux entry, and the loader shall issue a warning and continue operation.

When the versions referenced by undefined symbols in the loaded object are found, version availability is certified. The test completes without error and the object shall be made available.


10.6. Symbol Resolution

When symbol versioning is used in an object, relocations extend definition testing beyond the simple match of symbol name strings: the version of the reference shall also equal the name of the definition.

The same index that is used in the symbol table can be referenced in the SHT_GNU_versym section, and the value of this index is then used to acquire name data. The corresponding requirement string is retrieved from the Elfxx_Verneed array, and likewise, the corresponding definition string from the Elfxx_Verdef table.

If the high order bit (bit number 15) of the version symbolis set, the object cannot be used and the static linker shall ignore the symbol's presence in the object.

When an object with a reference and an object with the definition are being linked, the following rules shall govern the result:

  • The object with the reference and the object with the definitions both use versioning. All described matching is processed in this case. A fatal error shall be triggered when no matching definition can be found in the object whose name is the one referenced by the vn_name element in the Elfxx_Verneed entry.

  • The object with the reference does not use versioning, while the object with the definitions does. In this instance, only the definitions with index numbers 1 and 2 will be used in the reference match, the same identified by the static linker as the base definition. In cases where the static linker was not used, such as in calls to dlopen(), a version that does not have the base definition index shall be acceptable if it is the only version for which the symbol is defined.

  • The object with the reference uses versioning, but the object with the definitions specifies none. A matching symbol shall be accepted in this case. A fatal error shall be triggered if a corruption in the required symbols list obscures an outdated object file and causes a match on the object filename in the Elfxx_Verneed entry.

  • Neither the object with the reference nor the object with the definitions use versioning. The behavior in this instance shall default to pre-existing symbol rules.


Chapter 11. ABI note tag

Every executable shall contain a section named .note.ABI-tag of type SHT_NOTE. This section is structured as a note section as documented in the ELF spec. The section shall contain at least the following entry. The name field (namesz/name) contains the string "GNU". The type field shall be 1. The descsz field shall be at least 16, and the first 16 bytes of the desc field shall be as follows.

The first 32-bit word of the desc field shall be 0 (this signifies a Linux executable). The second, third, and fourth 32-bit words of the desc field contain the earliest compatible kernel version. For example, if the 3 words are 2, 2, and 5, this signifies a 2.2.5 kernel.

III. Dynamic Linking


Chapter 12. Program Loading and Dynamic Linking

LSB-conforming implementations shall support the object file information and system actions that create running programs as specified in the System V ABI and System V ABI Update and as supplemented by this document and an architecture-specific LSB specification.

Any shared object that is loaded shall contain sufficient DT_NEEDED records to satisfy the symbols on the shared library.


Chapter 13. Program Header

In addition to the Segment Types defined in the System V ABI and System V ABI Update the following Segment Types shall also be supported.

Table 13-1. Linux Segment Types

NameValue
PT_GNU_EH_FRAME0x6474e550
PT_GNU_STACK0x6474e551

PT_GNU_EH_FRAME

The array element specifies the location and size of the exception handling information as defined by the .eh_frame_hdr section.

PT_GNU_STACK

The p_flags member specifies the permissions on the segment containing the stack and is used to indicate wether the stack should be executable. The absense of this header indicates that the stack will be executable.


Chapter 14. Dynamic Entries

14.1. Introduction

As described in System V ABI, if an object file participates in dynamic linking, its program header table shall have an element of type PT_DYNAMIC. This `segment' contains the .dynamic section. A special symbol, _DYNAMIC, labels the section, which contains an array of the following structures.

typedef struct {
	Elf32_Sword	d_tag;
   	union {
   		Elf32_Word	d_val;
   		Elf32_Addr	d_ptr;
	} d_un;
} Elf32_Dyn;

extern Elf32_Dyn	_DYNAMIC[];

typedef struct {
	Elf64_Sxword	d_tag;
   	union {
   		Elf64_Xword	d_val;
   		Elf64_Addr	d_ptr;
	} d_un;
} Elf64_Dyn;

extern Elf64_Dyn	_DYNAMIC[];

Figure 14-1. Dynamic Structure

For each object with this type, d_tag controls the interpretation of d_un.


14.2. Dynamic Entries


14.2.1. ELF Dynamic Entries

The following dynamic entries are defined in the System V ABI and System V ABI Update.

DT_BIND_NOW

Process relocations of object

DT_DEBUG

For debugging; unspecified

DT_FINI

Address of termination function

DT_HASH

Address of symbol hash table

DT_HIPROC

End of processor-specific

DT_INIT

Address of init function

DT_JMPREL

Address of PLT relocs

DT_LOPROC

Start of processor-specific

DT_NEEDED

Name of needed library

DT_NULL

Marks end of dynamic section

DT_PLTREL

Type of reloc in PLT

DT_PLTRELSZ

Size in bytes of PLT relocs

DT_REL

Address of Rel relocs

DT_RELA

Address of Rela relocs

DT_RELAENT

Size of one Rela reloc

DT_RELASZ

Total size of Rela relocs

DT_RELENT

Size of one Rel reloc

DT_RELSZ

Total size of Rel relocs

DT_RPATH

Library search path

DT_SONAME

Name of shared object

DT_STRSZ

Size of string table

DT_STRTAB

Address of string table

DT_SYMBOLIC

Start symbol search here

DT_SYMENT

Size of one symbol table entry

DT_SYMTAB

Address of symbol table

DT_TEXTREL

Reloc might modify .text


14.2.2. Additional Dynamic Entries

An LSB conforming object may also use the following additional Dynamic Entry types.

DT_ADDRRNGHI

Values from DT_ADDRRNGLO through DT_ADDRRNGHI are reserved for definition by an archLSB.

DT_ADDRRNGLO

Values from DT_ADDRRNGLO through DT_ADDRRNGHI are reserved for definition by an archLSB.

DT_AUXILIARY

Shared object to load before self

DT_FILTER

Shared object to get values from

DT_FINI_ARRAY

The address of an array of pointers to termination functions.

DT_FINI_ARRAYSZ

Size in bytes of DT_FINI_ARRAY

DT_HIOS

Values from DT_LOOS through DT_HIOS are reserved for definition by specific operating systems.

DT_INIT_ARRAY

The address of an array of pointers to initialization functions.

DT_INIT_ARRAYSZ

Size in bytes of DT_INIT_ARRAY

DT_LOOS

Values from DT_LOOS through DT_HIOS are reserved for definition by specific operating systems.

DT_NUM

Number of dynamic entry tags defined (excepting reserved ranges).

DT_POSFLAG_1

Flags for DT_* entries, effecting the following DT_* entry

DT_RELCOUNT

All Elf32_Rel R_*_RELATIVE relocations have been placed into a single block and this entry specifies the number of entries in that block. This permits ld.so.1 to streamline the processing of RELATIVE relocations.

DT_RUNPATH

null-terminated library search path string

DT_SYMINENT

Entry size of syminfo

DT_SYMINFO

Address of the Syminfo table.

DT_SYMINSZ

Size of syminfo table (in bytes)

DT_VALRNGHI

Entries which fall between DT_VALRNGHI & DT_VALRNGLO use the Dyn.d_un.d_val field of the Elf*_Dyn structure.

DT_VALRNGLO

Entries which fall between DT_VALRNGHI & DT_VALRNGLO use the Dyn.d_un.d_val field of the Elf*_Dyn structure.

DT_VERDEF

Address of version definition table

DT_VERDEFNUM

Number of version definitions

DT_VERNEED

Address of table with needed versions

DT_VERNEEDNUM

Number of needed versions

DT_VERSYM

Address of the table provided by the .gnu.version section.

Table of Contents
I. Base Libraries
1. Libraries
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Program Interpreter
1.3. Interfaces for libc
1.4. Data Definitions for libc
1.5. Interface Definitions for libc
1.6. Interfaces for libm
1.7. Data Definitions for libm
1.8. Interface Definitions for libm
1.9. Interfaces for libpthread
1.10. Data Definitions for libpthread
1.11. Interface Definitions for libpthread
1.12. Interfaces for libgcc_s
1.13. Data Definitions for libgcc_s
1.14. Interfaces for libdl
1.15. Data Definitions for libdl
1.16. Interface Definitions for libdl
1.17. Interfaces for libcrypt
1.18. Interfaces for libpam
1.19. Data Definitions for libpam
1.20. Interface Definitions for libpam
II. Utility Libraries
2. Utility Libraries
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Interfaces for libz
2.3. Data Definitions for libz
2.4. Interface Definitions for libz
2.5. Interfaces for libncurses
2.6. Data Definitions for libncurses
2.7. Interfaces for libutil
2.8. Interface Definitions for libutil
III. Commands and Utilities
3. Commands and Utilities
3.1. Commands and Utilities
3.2. Command Behavior
IV. Execution Environment
4. File System Hierarchy
4.1. /dev
4.2. User Accounting Databases
4.3. Path For System Administration Utilities
5. Additional Recommendations
5.1. Minimal granted Directory and File permissions
5.2. Recommendations for applications on ownership and permissions
6. Additional Behaviors
6.1. Mandatory Optional Behaviors
7. Localization
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Regular Expressions
7.3. Pattern Matching Notation
V. System Initialization
8. System Initialization
8.1. Cron Jobs
8.2. Init Script Actions
8.3. Comment Conventions for Init Scripts
8.4. Installation and Removal of init.d Files
8.5. Run Levels
8.6. Facility Names
8.7. Script Names
8.8. Init Script Functions
VI. Users & Groups
9. Users & Groups
9.1. User and Group Database
9.2. User & Group Names
9.3. UID Ranges
9.4. Rationale
A. Alphabetical Listing of Interfaces
A.1. libc
A.2. libcrypt
A.3. libdl
A.4. libm
A.5. libncurses
A.6. libpam
A.7. libpthread
A.8. libutil
A.9. libz
List of Tables
1-1. libc Definition
1-2. libc - RPC Function Interfaces
1-3. libc - System Calls Function Interfaces
1-4. libc - Standard I/O Function Interfaces
1-5. libc - Standard I/O Data Interfaces
1-6. libc - Signal Handling Function Interfaces
1-7. libc - Signal Handling Data Interfaces
1-8. libc - Localization Functions Function Interfaces
1-9. libc - Localization Functions Data Interfaces
1-10. libc - Socket Interface Function Interfaces
1-11. libc - Wide Characters Function Interfaces
1-12. libc - String Functions Function Interfaces
1-13. libc - IPC Functions Function Interfaces
1-14. libc - Regular Expressions Function Interfaces
1-15. libc - Character Type Functions Function Interfaces
1-16. libc - Time Manipulation Function Interfaces
1-17. libc - Time Manipulation Data Interfaces
1-18. libc - Terminal Interface Functions Function Interfaces
1-19. libc - System Database Interface Function Interfaces
1-20. libc - Language Support Function Interfaces
1-21. libc - Large File Support Function Interfaces
1-22. libc - Standard Library Function Interfaces
1-23. libc - Standard Library Data Interfaces
1-24. libm Definition
1-25. libm - Math Function Interfaces
1-26. libm - Math Data Interfaces
1-27. libpthread Definition
1-28. libpthread - Realtime Threads Function Interfaces
1-29. libpthread - Posix Threads Function Interfaces
1-30. libgcc_s Definition
1-31. libdl Definition
1-32. libdl - Dynamic Loader Function Interfaces
1-33. libcrypt Definition
1-34. libcrypt - Encryption Function Interfaces
1-35. libpam Definition
1-36. libpam - Pluggable Authentication API Function Interfaces
2-1. libz Definition
2-2. libz - Compression Library Function Interfaces
2-3. libncurses Definition
2-4. libncurses - Curses Function Interfaces
2-5. libncurses - Curses Data Interfaces
2-6. libutil Definition
2-7. libutil - Utility Functions Function Interfaces
3-1. Commands And Utilities
3-2. Built In Utilities
3-1. Escape Sequences
9-1. Required User & Group Names
9-2. Optional User & Group Names
A-1. libc Function Interfaces
A-2. libc Data Interfaces
A-3. libcrypt Function Interfaces
A-4. libdl Function Interfaces
A-5. libm Function Interfaces
A-6. libm Data Interfaces
A-7. libncurses Function Interfaces
A-8. libncurses Data Interfaces
A-9. libpam Function Interfaces
A-10. libpthread Function Interfaces
A-11. libutil Function Interfaces
A-12. libz Function Interfaces

I. Base Libraries

Table of Contents
1. Libraries

Chapter 1. Libraries

1.1. Introduction

An LSB-conforming implementation shall support the following base libraries which provide interfaces for accessing the operating system, processor and other hardware in the system.

  • libc

  • libm

  • libgcc_s

  • libdl

  • libcrypt

  • libpam


1.2. Program Interpreter

The Program Interpreter is specified in the appropriate architecture-specific LSB specification.


1.3. Interfaces for libc

Table 1-1 defines the library name and shared object name for the libc library

Table 1-1. libc Definition

Library:libc
SONAME:See archLSB.

The behavior of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following specifications:

Large File Support
this specification
SUSv2
ISO POSIX (2003)
SVID Issue 3
SVID Issue 4


1.3.1. RPC


1.3.1.1. Interfaces for RPC

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for RPC specified in Table 1-2, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-2. libc - RPC Function Interfaces

authnone_create [1]svc_getreqset [2]svcudp_create [3]xdr_int [2]xdr_u_long [2]
clnt_create [1]svc_register [3]xdr_accepted_reply [2]xdr_long [2]xdr_u_short [2]
clnt_pcreateerror [1]svc_run [3]xdr_array [2]xdr_opaque [2]xdr_union [2]
clnt_perrno [1]svc_sendreply [3]xdr_bool [2]xdr_opaque_auth [2]xdr_vector [2]
clnt_perror [1]svcerr_auth [2]xdr_bytes [2]xdr_pointer [2]xdr_void [2]
clnt_spcreateerror [1]svcerr_decode [2]xdr_callhdr [2]xdr_reference [2]xdr_wrapstring [2]
clnt_sperrno [1]svcerr_noproc [2]xdr_callmsg [2]xdr_rejected_reply [2]xdrmem_create [2]
clnt_sperror [1]svcerr_noprog [2]xdr_char [2]xdr_replymsg [2]xdrrec_create [2]
key_decryptsession [2]svcerr_progvers [2]xdr_double [2]xdr_short [2]xdrrec_eof [2]
pmap_getport [3]svcerr_systemerr [2]xdr_enum [2]xdr_string [2] 
pmap_set [3]svcerr_weakauth [2]xdr_float [2]xdr_u_char [2] 
pmap_unset [3]svctcp_create [3]xdr_free [2]xdr_u_int [3] 

Referenced Specification(s)


1.3.2. System Calls


1.3.2.1. Interfaces for System Calls

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for System Calls specified in Table 1-3, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-3. libc - System Calls Function Interfaces

__fxstat [1]fchmod [2]getwd [2]read [2]setrlimit [2]
__getpgid [1]fchown [2]initgroups [1]readdir [2]setrlimit64 [3]
__lxstat [1]fcntl [1]ioctl [1]readdir_r [2]setsid [2]
__xmknod [1]fdatasync [2]kill [1]readlink [2]setuid [2]
__xstat [1]flock [1]killpg [2]readv [2]sleep [2]
access [2]fork [2]lchown [2]rename [2]statvfs [2]
acct [1]fstatvfs [2]link [1]rmdir [2]stime [1]
alarm [2]fsync [2]lockf [2]sbrk [4]symlink [2]
brk [4]ftime [2]lseek [2]sched_get_priority_max [2]sync [2]
chdir [2]ftruncate [2]mkdir [2]sched_get_priority_min [2]sysconf [2]
chmod [2]getcontext [2]mkfifo [2]sched_getparam [2]time [2]
chown [2]getegid [2]mlock [2]sched_getscheduler [2]times [2]
chroot [4]geteuid [2]mlockall [2]sched_rr_get_interval [2]truncate [2]
clock [2]getgid [2]mmap [2]sched_setparam [2]ulimit [2]
close [2]getgroups [2]mprotect [2]sched_setscheduler [2]umask [2]
closedir [2]getitimer [2]msync [2]sched_yield [2]uname [2]
creat [2]getloadavg [1]munlock [2]select [2]unlink [1]
dup [2]getpagesize [4]munlockall [2]setcontext [2]utime [2]
dup2 [2]getpgid [2]munmap [2]setegid [2]utimes [2]
execl [2]getpgrp [2]nanosleep [2]seteuid [2]vfork [2]
execle [2]getpid [2]nice [2]setgid [2]wait [2]
execlp [2]getppid [2]open [2]setitimer [2]wait4 [1]
execv [2]getpriority [2]opendir [2]setpgid [2]waitpid [1]
execve [2]getrlimit [2]pathconf [2]setpgrp [2]write [2]
execvp [2]getrusage [2]pause [2]setpriority [2]writev [2]
exit [2]getsid [2]pipe [2]setregid [2] 
fchdir [2]getuid [2]poll [2]setreuid [2] 

Referenced Specification(s)

[4]. SUSv2


1.3.3. Standard I/O


1.3.3.1. Interfaces for Standard I/O

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Standard I/O specified in Table 1-4, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-4. libc - Standard I/O Function Interfaces

_IO_feof [1]fgetpos [2]fsetpos [2]putchar [2]sscanf [1]
_IO_getc [1]fgets [2]ftell [2]putchar_unlocked [2]telldir [2]
_IO_putc [1]fgetwc_unlocked [1]ftello [2]puts [2]tempnam [2]
_IO_puts [1]fileno [2]fwrite [2]putw [3]ungetc [2]
asprintf [1]flockfile [2]getc [2]remove [2]vasprintf [1]
clearerr [2]fopen [2]getc_unlocked [2]rewind [2]vdprintf [1]
ctermid [2]fprintf [2]getchar [2]rewinddir [2]vfprintf [2]
fclose [2]fputc [2]getchar_unlocked [2]scanf [1]vprintf [2]
fdopen [2]fputs [2]getw [3]seekdir [2]vsnprintf [2]
feof [2]fread [2]pclose [2]setbuf [2]vsprintf [2]
ferror [2]freopen [2]popen [2]setbuffer [1] 
fflush [2]fscanf [1]printf [2]setvbuf [2] 
fflush_unlocked [1]fseek [2]putc [2]snprintf [2] 
fgetc [2]fseeko [2]putc_unlocked [2]sprintf [2] 

Referenced Specification(s)

[3]. SUSv2

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic data interfaces for Standard I/O specified in Table 1-5, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-5. libc - Standard I/O Data Interfaces

stderr [1]stdin [1]stdout [1]  

Referenced Specification(s)


1.3.4. Signal Handling


1.3.4.1. Interfaces for Signal Handling

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Signal Handling specified in Table 1-6, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-6. libc - Signal Handling Function Interfaces

__libc_current_sigrtmax [1]sigaction [2]sighold [2]sigorset [1]sigset [2]
__libc_current_sigrtmin [1]sigaddset [2]sigignore [2]sigpause [2]sigsuspend [2]
__sigsetjmp [1]sigaltstack [2]siginterrupt [2]sigpending [2]sigtimedwait [2]
__sysv_signal [1]sigandset [1]sigisemptyset [1]sigprocmask [2]sigwait [2]
bsd_signal [2]sigdelset [2]sigismember [2]sigqueue [2]sigwaitinfo [2]
psignal [1]sigemptyset [2]siglongjmp [2]sigrelse [2] 
raise [2]sigfillset [2]signal [2]sigreturn [1] 

Referenced Specification(s)

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic data interfaces for Signal Handling specified in Table 1-7, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-7. libc - Signal Handling Data Interfaces

_sys_siglist [1]    

Referenced Specification(s)


1.3.5. Localization Functions


1.3.5.1. Interfaces for Localization Functions

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Localization Functions specified in Table 1-8, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-8. libc - Localization Functions Function Interfaces

bind_textdomain_codeset [1]dcgettext [1]freelocale(GLIBC_2.3) [1]localeconv [2]textdomain [1]
bindtextdomain [1]dcngettext [1]gettext [1]newlocale(GLIBC_2.3) [1]uselocale(GLIBC_2.3) [1]
catclose [2]dgettext [1]iconv [2]ngettext [1] 
catgets [2]dngettext [1]iconv_close [2]nl_langinfo [2] 
catopen [2]duplocale(GLIBC_2.3) [1]iconv_open [2]setlocale [2] 

Referenced Specification(s)

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic data interfaces for Localization Functions specified in Table 1-9, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-9. libc - Localization Functions Data Interfaces

_nl_msg_cat_cntr [1]    

Referenced Specification(s)


1.3.6. Socket Interface


1.3.6.1. Interfaces for Socket Interface

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Socket Interface specified in Table 1-10, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-10. libc - Socket Interface Function Interfaces

__h_errno_location [1]gethostname [2]if_nameindex [2]send [2]socket [2]
accept [2]getpeername [2]if_nametoindex [2]sendmsg [2]socketpair [2]
bind [2]getsockname [2]listen [2]sendto [2] 
bindresvport [1]getsockopt [1]recv [2]setsockopt [1] 
connect [2]if_freenameindex [2]recvfrom [2]shutdown [2] 
gethostid [2]if_indextoname [2]recvmsg [2]sockatmark [2] 

Referenced Specification(s)


1.3.7. Wide Characters


1.3.7.1. Interfaces for Wide Characters

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Wide Characters specified in Table 1-11, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-11. libc - Wide Characters Function Interfaces

__wcstod_internal [1]mbsinit [2]vwscanf [1]wcsnlen [1]wcstoumax [2]
__wcstof_internal [1]mbsnrtowcs [1]wcpcpy [1]wcsnrtombs [1]wcstouq [1]
__wcstol_internal [1]mbsrtowcs [2]wcpncpy [1]wcspbrk [2]wcswcs [2]
__wcstold_internal [1]mbstowcs [2]wcrtomb [2]wcsrchr [2]wcswidth [2]
__wcstoul_internal [1]mbtowc [2]wcscasecmp [1]wcsrtombs [2]wcsxfrm [2]
btowc [2]putwc [2]wcscat [2]wcsspn [2]wctob [2]
fgetwc [2]putwchar [2]wcschr [2]wcsstr [2]wctomb [2]
fgetws [2]swprintf [2]wcscmp [2]wcstod [2]wctrans [2]
fputwc [2]swscanf [1]wcscoll [2]wcstof [2]wctype [2]
fputws [2]towctrans [2]wcscpy [2]wcstoimax [2]wcwidth [2]
fwide [2]towlower [2]wcscspn [2]wcstok [2]wmemchr [2]
fwprintf [2]towupper [2]wcsdup [1]wcstol [2]wmemcmp [2]
fwscanf [1]ungetwc [2]wcsftime [2]wcstold [2]wmemcpy [2]
getwc [2]vfwprintf [2]wcslen [2]wcstoll [2]wmemmove [2]
getwchar [2]vfwscanf [1]wcsncasecmp [1]wcstombs [2]wmemset [2]
mblen [2]vswprintf [2]wcsncat [2]wcstoq [1]wprintf [2]
mbrlen [2]vswscanf [1]wcsncmp [2]wcstoul [2]wscanf [1]
mbrtowc [2]vwprintf [2]wcsncpy [2]wcstoull [2] 

Referenced Specification(s)


1.3.8. String Functions


1.3.8.1. Interfaces for String Functions

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for String Functions specified in Table 1-12, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-12. libc - String Functions Function Interfaces

__mempcpy [1]bzero [2]strcasestr [1]strncat [2]strtok [2]
__rawmemchr [1]ffs [2]strcat [2]strncmp [2]strtok_r [2]
__stpcpy [1]index [2]strchr [2]strncpy [2]strtold [2]
__strdup [1]memccpy [2]strcmp [2]strndup [1]strtoll [2]
__strtod_internal [1]memchr [2]strcoll [2]strnlen [1]strtoq [1]
__strtof_internal [1]memcmp [2]strcpy [2]strpbrk [2]strtoull [2]
__strtok_r [1]memcpy [2]strcspn [2]strptime [1]strtoumax [2]
__strtol_internal [1]memmove [2]strdup [2]strrchr [2]strtouq [1]
__strtold_internal [1]memrchr [1]strerror [2]strsep [1]strxfrm [2]
__strtoll_internal [1]memset [2]strerror_r [1]strsignal [1]swab [2]
__strtoul_internal [1]rindex [2]strfmon [2]strspn [2] 
__strtoull_internal [1]stpcpy [1]strftime [2]strstr [2] 
bcmp [2]stpncpy [1]strlen [2]strtof [2] 
bcopy [2]strcasecmp [2]strncasecmp [2]strtoimax [2] 

Referenced Specification(s)


1.3.9. IPC Functions


1.3.9.1. Interfaces for IPC Functions

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for IPC Functions specified in Table 1-13, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-13. libc - IPC Functions Function Interfaces

ftok [1]msgrcv [1]semget [1]shmctl [1] 
msgctl [1]msgsnd [1]semop [1]shmdt [1] 
msgget [1]semctl [1]shmat [1]shmget [1] 

Referenced Specification(s)


1.3.10. Regular Expressions


1.3.10.1. Interfaces for Regular Expressions

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Regular Expressions specified in Table 1-14, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-14. libc - Regular Expressions Function Interfaces

regcomp [1]regerror [1]regexec [2]regfree [1] 

Referenced Specification(s)


1.3.11. Character Type Functions


1.3.11.1. Interfaces for Character Type Functions

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Character Type Functions specified in Table 1-15, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-15. libc - Character Type Functions Function Interfaces

__ctype_b_loc(GLIBC_2.3) [1]isalpha [2]ispunct [2]iswctype [2]iswupper [2]
__ctype_get_mb_cur_max [1]isascii [2]isspace [2]iswdigit [2]iswxdigit [2]
__ctype_tolower_loc(GLIBC_2.3) [1]iscntrl [2]isupper [2]iswgraph [2]isxdigit [2]
__ctype_toupper_loc(GLIBC_2.3) [1]isdigit [2]iswalnum [2]iswlower [2]toascii [2]
_tolower [2]isgraph [2]iswalpha [2]iswprint [2]tolower [2]
_toupper [2]islower [2]iswblank [2]iswpunct [2]toupper [2]
isalnum [2]isprint [2]iswcntrl [2]iswspace [2] 

Referenced Specification(s)


1.3.12. Time Manipulation


1.3.12.1. Interfaces for Time Manipulation

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Time Manipulation specified in Table 1-16, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-16. libc - Time Manipulation Function Interfaces

adjtime [1]ctime [2]gmtime [2]localtime_r [2]ualarm [2]
asctime [2]ctime_r [2]gmtime_r [2]mktime [2] 
asctime_r [2]difftime [2]localtime [2]tzset [2] 

Referenced Specification(s)

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic data interfaces for Time Manipulation specified in Table 1-17, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-17. libc - Time Manipulation Data Interfaces

__daylight [1]__tzname [1]timezone [2]  
__timezone [1]daylight [2]tzname [2]  

Referenced Specification(s)


1.3.13. Terminal Interface Functions


1.3.13.1. Interfaces for Terminal Interface Functions

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Terminal Interface Functions specified in Table 1-18, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-18. libc - Terminal Interface Functions Function Interfaces

cfgetispeed [1]cfsetispeed [1]tcdrain [1]tcgetattr [1]tcsendbreak [1]
cfgetospeed [1]cfsetospeed [1]tcflow [1]tcgetpgrp [1]tcsetattr [1]
cfmakeraw [2]cfsetspeed [2]tcflush [1]tcgetsid [1]tcsetpgrp [1]

Referenced Specification(s)


1.3.14. System Database Interface


1.3.14.1. Interfaces for System Database Interface

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for System Database Interface specified in Table 1-19, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-19. libc - System Database Interface Function Interfaces

endgrent [1]getgrgid_r [1]getprotoent [1]getservent [1]setgroups [2]
endprotoent [1]getgrnam [1]getpwent [1]getutent [2]setprotoent [1]
endpwent [1]getgrnam_r [1]getpwnam [1]getutent_r [2]setpwent [1]
endservent [1]getgrouplist [2]getpwnam_r [1]getutxent [1]setservent [1]
endutent [3]gethostbyaddr [1]getpwuid [1]getutxid [1]setutent [2]
endutxent [1]gethostbyname [1]getpwuid_r [1]getutxline [1]setutxent [1]
getgrent [1]getprotobyname [1]getservbyname [1]pututxline [1]utmpname [2]
getgrgid [1]getprotobynumber [1]getservbyport [1]setgrent [1] 

Referenced Specification(s)

[3]. SUSv2


1.3.15. Language Support


1.3.15.1. Interfaces for Language Support

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Language Support specified in Table 1-20, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-20. libc - Language Support Function Interfaces

__libc_start_main [1]__register_atfork(GLIBC_2.3.2) [1]   

Referenced Specification(s)


1.3.16. Large File Support


1.3.16.1. Interfaces for Large File Support

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Large File Support specified in Table 1-21, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-21. libc - Large File Support Function Interfaces

__fxstat64 [1]fopen64 [2]ftello64 [2]lseek64 [2]readdir64 [2]
__lxstat64 [1]freopen64 [2]ftruncate64 [2]mkstemp64 [2]statvfs64 [2]
__xstat64 [1]fseeko64 [2]ftw64 [2]mmap64 [2]tmpfile64 [2]
creat64 [2]fsetpos64 [2]getrlimit64 [2]nftw64 [2]truncate64 [2]
fgetpos64 [2]fstatvfs64 [2]lockf64 [2]open64 [2] 

Referenced Specification(s)


1.3.17. Standard Library


1.3.17.1. Interfaces for Standard Library

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Standard Library specified in Table 1-22, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-22. libc - Standard Library Function Interfaces

_Exit [1]dirname [1]glob [1]lsearch [1]srand48 [1]
__assert_fail [2]div [1]glob64 [2]makecontext [1]srandom [1]
__cxa_atexit [2]drand48 [1]globfree [1]malloc [1]strtod [1]
__errno_location [2]ecvt [1]globfree64 [2]memmem [2]strtol [1]
__fpending [2]erand48 [1]grantpt [1]mkstemp [1]strtoul [1]
__getpagesize [2]err [2]hcreate [1]mktemp [1]swapcontext [1]
__isinf [2]error [2]hdestroy [1]mrand48 [1]syslog [1]
__isinff [2]errx [2]hsearch [1]nftw [1]system [2]
__isinfl [2]fcvt [1]htonl [1]nrand48 [1]tdelete [1]
__isnan [2]fmtmsg [1]htons [1]ntohl [1]tfind [1]
__isnanf [2]fnmatch [1]imaxabs [1]ntohs [1]tmpfile [1]
__isnanl [2]fpathconf [1]imaxdiv [1]openlog [1]tmpnam [1]
__sysconf [2]free [1]inet_addr [1]perror [1]tsearch [1]
_exit [1]freeaddrinfo [1]inet_ntoa [1]posix_memalign [1]ttyname [1]
_longjmp [1]ftrylockfile [1]inet_ntop [1]posix_openpt [1]ttyname_r [1]
_setjmp [1]ftw [1]inet_pton [1]ptsname [1]twalk [1]
a64l [1]funlockfile [1]initstate [1]putenv [1]unlockpt [1]
abort [1]gai_strerror [1]insque [1]qsort [1]unsetenv [1]
abs [1]gcvt [1]isatty [1]rand [1]usleep [1]
atof [1]getaddrinfo [1]isblank [1]rand_r [1]verrx [2]
atoi [1]getcwd [1]jrand48 [1]random [1]vfscanf [2]
atol [1]getdate [1]l64a [1]realloc [1]vscanf [2]
atoll [1]getenv [1]labs [1]realpath [1]vsscanf [2]
basename [1]getlogin [1]lcong48 [1]remque [1]vsyslog [2]
bsearch [1]getnameinfo [1]ldiv [1]seed48 [1]warn [2]
calloc [1]getopt [2]lfind [1]setenv [1]warnx [2]
closelog [1]getopt_long [2]llabs [1]sethostname [2]wordexp [1]
confstr [1]getopt_long_only [2]lldiv [1]setlogmask [1]wordfree [1]
cuserid [3]getsubopt [1]longjmp [1]setstate [1] 
daemon [2]gettimeofday [1]lrand48 [1]srand [1] 

Referenced Specification(s)

[3]. SUSv2

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic data interfaces for Standard Library specified in Table 1-23, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-23. libc - Standard Library Data Interfaces

__environ [1]_sys_errlist [1]getdate_err [2]opterr [2]optopt [2]
_environ [1]environ [2]optarg [2]optind [2] 

Referenced Specification(s)


1.4. Data Definitions for libc

This section defines global identifiers and their values that are associated with interfaces contained in libc. These definitions are organized into groups that correspond to system headers. This convention is used as a convenience for the reader, and does not imply the existence of these headers, or their content.

These definitions are intended to supplement those provided in the referenced underlying specifications.

This specification uses ISO/IEC 9899 C Language as the reference programming language, and data definitions are specified in ISO C format. The C language is used here as a convenient notation. Using a C language description of these data objects does not preclude their use by other programming languages.


1.4.1. ctype.h


enum
{
  _ISupper, _ISlower, _ISalpha, _ISdigit, _ISxdigit, _ISspace, _ISprint,
    _ISgraph, _ISblank, _IScntrl, _ISpunct, _ISalnum
}
 ;

1.4.2. dirent.h


typedef struct __dirstream DIR;

struct dirent
{
  long int d_ino;
  off_t d_off;
  unsigned short d_reclen;
  unsigned char d_type;
  char d_name[256];
}
 ;
struct dirent64
{
  uint64_t d_ino;
  int64_t d_off;
  unsigned short d_reclen;
  unsigned char d_type;
  char d_name[256];
}
 ;

1.4.3. errno.h

ISO POSIX (2003) requires that each error value shall be unique, with permission for EAGAIN and EWOULDBLOCK possibly having the same value. This specification also requires that ENOTSUP and EOPNOTSUPP have the same value.

Note: A defect report against ISO POSIX (2003) has been filed to request that specification also permit these two symbols to have the same value.


#define errno	(*__errno_location())

#define EPERM	1
#define ECHILD	10
#define ENETDOWN	100
#define ENETUNREACH	101
#define ENETRESET	102
#define ECONNABORTED	103
#define ECONNRESET	104
#define ENOBUFS	105
#define EISCONN	106
#define ENOTCONN	107
#define ESHUTDOWN	108
#define ETOOMANYREFS	109
#define EAGAIN	11
#define ETIMEDOUT	110
#define ECONNREFUSED	111
#define EHOSTDOWN	112
#define EHOSTUNREACH	113
#define EALREADY	114
#define EINPROGRESS	115
#define ESTALE	116
#define EUCLEAN	117
#define ENOTNAM	118
#define ENAVAIL	119
#define ENOMEM	12
#define EISNAM	120
#define EREMOTEIO	121
#define EDQUOT	122
#define ENOMEDIUM	123
#define EMEDIUMTYPE	124
#define ECANCELED	125
#define EACCES	13
#define EFAULT	14
#define ENOTBLK	15
#define EBUSY	16
#define EEXIST	17
#define EXDEV	18
#define ENODEV	19
#define ENOENT	2
#define ENOTDIR	20
#define EISDIR	21
#define EINVAL	22
#define ENFILE	23
#define EMFILE	24
#define ENOTTY	25
#define ETXTBSY	26
#define EFBIG	27
#define ENOSPC	28
#define ESPIPE	29
#define ESRCH	3
#define EROFS	30
#define EMLINK	31
#define EPIPE	32
#define EDOM	33
#define ERANGE	34
#define EDEADLK	35
#define ENAMETOOLONG	36
#define ENOLCK	37
#define ENOSYS	38
#define ENOTEMPTY	39
#define EINTR	4
#define ELOOP	40
#define ENOMSG	42
#define EIDRM	43
#define ECHRNG	44
#define EL2NSYNC	45
#define EL3HLT	46
#define EL3RST	47
#define ELNRNG	48
#define EUNATCH	49
#define EIO	5
#define ENOANO	55
#define EBADRQC	56
#define EBADSLT	57
#define EBFONT	59
#define ENXIO	6
#define ENOSTR	60
#define ENODATA	61
#define ETIME	62
#define ENOSR	63
#define ENONET	64
#define ENOPKG	65
#define EREMOTE	66
#define ENOLINK	67
#define EADV	68
#define ESRMNT	69
#define E2BIG	7
#define ECOMM	70
#define EPROTO	71
#define EMULTIHOP	72
#define EDOTDOT	73
#define EBADMSG	74
#define EOVERFLOW	75
#define ENOTUNIQ	76
#define EBADFD	77
#define EREMCHG	78
#define ELIBACC	79
#define ENOEXEC	8
#define ELIBBAD	80
#define ELIBSCN	81
#define ELIBMAX	82
#define ELIBEXEC	83
#define EILSEQ	84
#define ERESTART	85
#define ESTRPIPE	86
#define EUSERS	87
#define ENOTSOCK	88
#define EDESTADDRREQ	89
#define EBADF	9
#define EMSGSIZE	90
#define EPROTOTYPE	91
#define ENOPROTOOPT	92
#define EPROTONOSUPPORT	93
#define ESOCKTNOSUPPORT	94
#define EOPNOTSUPP	95
#define EPFNOSUPPORT	96
#define EAFNOSUPPORT	97
#define EADDRINUSE	98
#define EADDRNOTAVAIL	99
#define EWOULDBLOCK	EAGAIN
#define ENOTSUP	EOPNOTSUPP

1.4.4. fcntl.h


#define O_RDONLY	00
#define O_ACCMODE	0003
#define O_WRONLY	01
#define O_CREAT	0100
#define O_TRUNC	01000
#define O_SYNC	010000
#define O_RDWR	02
#define O_EXCL	0200
#define O_APPEND	02000
#define O_ASYNC	020000
#define O_NOCTTY	0400
#define O_NDELAY	04000
#define O_NONBLOCK	04000
#define FD_CLOEXEC	1

struct flock
{
  short l_type;
  short l_whence;
  off_t l_start;
  off_t l_len;
  pid_t l_pid;
}
 ;
struct flock64
{
  short l_type;
  short l_whence;
  loff_t l_start;
  loff_t l_len;
  pid_t l_pid;
}
 ;

#define F_DUPFD	0
#define F_RDLCK	0
#define F_GETFD	1
#define F_WRLCK	1
#define F_SETFD	2
#define F_UNLCK	2
#define F_GETFL	3
#define F_SETFL	4
#define F_GETLK	5
#define F_SETLK	6
#define F_SETLKW	7
#define F_SETOWN	8
#define F_GETOWN	9

1.4.5. fmtmsg.h


#define MM_HARD	1
#define MM_NRECOV	128
#define MM_UTIL	16
#define MM_SOFT	2
#define MM_OPSYS	32
#define MM_FIRM	4
#define MM_RECOVER	64
#define MM_APPL	8

#define MM_NOSEV	0
#define MM_HALT	1
#define MM_ERROR	2

#define MM_NULLLBL	((char *) 0)

1.4.6. fnmatch.h


#define FNM_PATHNAME	(1<<0)
#define FNM_NOESCAPE	(1<<1)
#define FNM_PERIOD	(1<<2)
#define FNM_NOMATCH	1

1.4.7. ftw.h


#define FTW_D	FTW_D
#define FTW_DNR	FTW_DNR
#define FTW_DP	FTW_DP
#define FTW_F	FTW_F
#define FTW_NS	FTW_NS
#define FTW_SL	FTW_SL
#define FTW_SLN	FTW_SLN

enum
{
  FTW_F, FTW_D, FTW_DNR, FTW_NS, FTW_SL, FTW_DP, FTW_SLN
}
 ;

enum
{
  FTW_PHYS, FTW_MOUNT, FTW_CHDIR, FTW_DEPTH
}
 ;

struct FTW
{
  int base;
  int level;
}
 ;

typedef int (*__ftw_func_t) (char *__filename, struct stat * __status,
			     int __flag);
typedef int (*__ftw64_func_t) (char *__filename, struct stat64 * __status,
			       int __flag);
typedef int (*__nftw_func_t) (char *__filename, struct stat * __status,
			      int __flag, struct FTW * __info);
typedef int (*__nftw64_func_t) (char *__filename, struct stat64 * __status,
				int __flag, struct FTW * __info);

1.4.8. getopt.h


#define no_argument	0
#define required_argument	1
#define optional_argument	2

struct option
{
  char *name;
  int has_arg;
  int *flag;
  int val;
}
 ;

1.4.9. glob.h


#define GLOB_ERR	(1<<0)
#define GLOB_MARK	(1<<1)
#define GLOB_BRACE	(1<<10)
#define GLOB_NOMAGIC	(1<<11)
#define GLOB_TILDE	(1<<12)
#define GLOB_ONLYDIR	(1<<13)
#define GLOB_TILDE_CHECK	(1<<14)
#define GLOB_NOSORT	(1<<2)
#define GLOB_DOOFFS	(1<<3)
#define GLOB_NOCHECK	(1<<4)
#define GLOB_APPEND	(1<<5)
#define GLOB_NOESCAPE	(1<<6)
#define GLOB_PERIOD	(1<<7)
#define GLOB_MAGCHAR	(1<<8)
#define GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC	(1<<9)

#define GLOB_NOSPACE	1
#define GLOB_ABORTED	2
#define GLOB_NOMATCH	3
#define GLOB_NOSYS	4

typedef struct
{
  size_t gl_pathc;
  char **gl_pathv;
  size_t gl_offs;
  int gl_flags;
  void (*gl_closedir) (void *);
  struct dirent *(*gl_readdir) (void *);
  void *(*gl_opendir) (const char *);
  int (*gl_lstat) (const char *, struct stat *);
  int (*gl_stat) (const char *, struct stat *);
}
glob_t;

typedef struct
{
  size_t gl_pathc;
  char **gl_pathv;
  size_t gl_offs;
  int gl_flags;
  void (*gl_closedir) (void *);
  struct dirent64 *(*gl_readdir64) (void *);
  void *(*gl_opendir) (const char *);
  int (*gl_lstat) (const char *, struct stat *);
  int (*gl_stat) (const char *, struct stat *);
}
glob64_t;

1.4.10. grp.h


struct group
{
  char *gr_name;
  char *gr_passwd;
  gid_t gr_gid;
  char **gr_mem;
}
 ;

1.4.11. iconv.h


typedef void *iconv_t;

1.4.12. inttypes.h


typedef lldiv_t imaxdiv_t;
typedef unsigned char uint8_t;
typedef unsigned short uint16_t;
typedef unsigned int uint32_t;

1.4.13. langinfo.h


#define ABDAY_1	0x20000
#define ABDAY_2	0x20001
#define ABDAY_3	0x20002
#define ABDAY_4	0x20003
#define ABDAY_5	0x20004
#define ABDAY_6	0x20005
#define ABDAY_7	0x20006

#define DAY_1	0x20007
#define DAY_2	0x20008
#define DAY_3	0x20009
#define DAY_4	0x2000A
#define DAY_5	0x2000B
#define DAY_6	0x2000C
#define DAY_7	0x2000D

#define ABMON_1	0x2000E
#define ABMON_2	0x2000F
#define ABMON_3	0x20010
#define ABMON_4	0x20011
#define ABMON_5	0x20012
#define ABMON_6	0x20013
#define ABMON_7	0x20014
#define ABMON_8	0x20015
#define ABMON_9	0x20016
#define ABMON_10	0x20017
#define ABMON_11	0x20018
#define ABMON_12	0x20019

#define MON_1	0x2001A
#define MON_2	0x2001B
#define MON_3	0x2001C
#define MON_4	0x2001D
#define MON_5	0x2001E
#define MON_6	0x2001F
#define MON_7	0x20020
#define MON_8	0x20021
#define MON_9	0x20022
#define MON_10	0x20023
#define MON_11	0x20024
#define MON_12	0x20025

#define AM_STR	0x20026
#define PM_STR	0x20027

#define D_T_FMT	0x20028
#define D_FMT	0x20029
#define T_FMT	0x2002A
#define T_FMT_AMPM	0x2002B

#define ERA	0x2002C
#define ERA_D_FMT	0x2002E
#define ALT_DIGITS	0x2002F
#define ERA_D_T_FMT	0x20030
#define ERA_T_FMT	0x20031

#define CODESET	14

#define CRNCYSTR	0x4000F

#define RADIXCHAR	0x10000
#define THOUSEP	0x10001
#define YESEXPR	0x50000
#define NOEXPR	0x50001
#define YESSTR	0x50002
#define NOSTR	0x50003

1.4.14. limits.h


#define LLONG_MIN	(-LLONG_MAX-1LL)
#define ULLONG_MAX	18446744073709551615ULL
#define OPEN_MAX	256
#define PATH_MAX	4096
#define LLONG_MAX	9223372036854775807LL
#define SSIZE_MAX	LONG_MAX

#define MB_LEN_MAX	16

#define SCHAR_MIN	(-128)
#define SCHAR_MAX	127
#define UCHAR_MAX	255
#define CHAR_BIT	8

#define SHRT_MIN	(-32768)
#define SHRT_MAX	32767
#define USHRT_MAX	65535

#define INT_MIN	(-INT_MAX-1)
#define INT_MAX	2147483647
#define __INT_MAX__	2147483647
#define UINT_MAX	4294967295U

#define LONG_MIN	(-LONG_MAX-1L)

#define PTHREAD_KEYS_MAX	1024
#define PTHREAD_STACK_MIN	16384
#define PTHREAD_THREADS_MAX	16384
#define PTHREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS	4

1.4.15. locale.h


struct lconv
{
  char *decimal_point;
  char *thousands_sep;
  char *grouping;
  char *int_curr_symbol;
  char *currency_symbol;
  char *mon_decimal_point;
  char *mon_thousands_sep;
  char *mon_grouping;
  char *positive_sign;
  char *negative_sign;
  char int_frac_digits;
  char frac_digits;
  char p_cs_precedes;
  char p_sep_by_space;
  char n_cs_precedes;
  char n_sep_by_space;
  char p_sign_posn;
  char n_sign_posn;
  char int_p_cs_precedes;
  char int_p_sep_by_space;
  char int_n_cs_precedes;
  char int_n_sep_by_space;
  char int_p_sign_posn;
  char int_n_sign_posn;
}
 ;
#define LC_GLOBAL_LOCALE	((locale_t) -1L)
#define LC_CTYPE	0
#define LC_NUMERIC	1
#define LC_TELEPHONE	10
#define LC_MEASUREMENT	11
#define LC_IDENTIFICATION	12
#define LC_TIME	2
#define LC_COLLATE	3
#define LC_MONETARY	4
#define LC_MESSAGES	5
#define LC_ALL	6
#define LC_PAPER	7
#define LC_NAME	8
#define LC_ADDRESS	9

typedef struct __locale_struct
{
  struct locale_data *__locales[13];
  const unsigned short *__ctype_b;
  const int *__ctype_tolower;
  const int *__ctype_toupper;
  const char *__names[13];
}
 *__locale_t;

typedef struct __locale_struct *locale_t;
#define LC_ADDRESS_MASK	(1 << LC_ADDRESS)
#define LC_COLLATE_MASK	(1 << LC_COLLATE)
#define LC_IDENTIFICATION_MASK	(1 << LC_IDENTIFICATION)
#define LC_MEASUREMENT_MASK	(1 << LC_MEASUREMENT)
#define LC_MESSAGES_MASK	(1 << LC_MESSAGES)
#define LC_MONETARY_MASK	(1 << LC_MONETARY)
#define LC_NAME_MASK	(1 << LC_NAME)
#define LC_NUMERIC_MASK	(1 << LC_NUMERIC)
#define LC_PAPER_MASK	(1 << LC_PAPER)
#define LC_TELEPHONE_MASK	(1 << LC_TELEPHONE)
#define LC_TIME_MASK	(1 << LC_TIME)
#define LC_CTYPE_MASK	(1<<LC_CTYPE)
#define LC_ALL_MASK	(LC_CTYPE_MASK| LC_NUMERIC_MASK| LC_TIME_MASK| LC_COLLATE_MASK| LC_MONETARY_MASK| LC_MESSAGES_MASK| LC_PAPER_MASK| LC_NAME_MASK| LC_ADDRESS_MASK| LC_TELEPHONE_MASK| LC_MEASUREMENT_MASK| LC_IDENTIFICATION_MASK)

1.4.16. net/if.h


#define IF_NAMESIZE	16

#define IFF_UP	0x01
#define IFF_BROADCAST	0x02
#define IFF_DEBUG	0x04
#define IFF_LOOPBACK	0x08
#define IFF_POINTOPOINT	0x10
#define IFF_PROMISC	0x100
#define IFF_MULTICAST	0x1000
#define IFF_NOTRAILERS	0x20
#define IFF_RUNNING	0x40
#define IFF_NOARP	0x80

struct if_nameindex
{
  unsigned int if_index;
  char *if_name;
}
 ;

struct ifaddr
{
  struct sockaddr ifa_addr;
  union
  {
    struct sockaddr ifu_broadaddr;
    struct sockaddr ifu_dstaddr;
  }
  ifa_ifu;
  void *ifa_ifp;
  void *ifa_next;
}
 ;
#define IFNAMSIZ	IF_NAMESIZE

struct ifreq
{
  union
  {
    char ifrn_name[IFNAMSIZ];
  }
  ifr_ifrn;
  union
  {
    struct sockaddr ifru_addr;
    struct sockaddr ifru_dstaddr;
    struct sockaddr ifru_broadaddr;
    struct sockaddr ifru_netmask;
    struct sockaddr ifru_hwaddr;
    short ifru_flags;
    int ifru_ivalue;
    int ifru_mtu;
    char ifru_slave[IFNAMSIZ];
    char ifru_newname[IFNAMSIZ];
    caddr_t ifru_data;
    struct ifmap ifru_map;
  }
  ifr_ifru;
}
 ;

struct ifconf
{
  int ifc_len;
  union
  {
    caddr_t ifcu_buf;
    struct ifreq *ifcu_req;
  }
  ifc_ifcu;
}
 ;

1.4.17. netdb.h


#define NETDB_INTERNAL	-1
#define NETDB_SUCCESS	0
#define HOST_NOT_FOUND	1
#define IPPORT_RESERVED	1024
#define NI_MAXHOST	1025
#define TRY_AGAIN	2
#define NO_RECOVERY	3
#define NI_MAXSERV	32
#define NO_DATA	4
#define h_addr	h_addr_list[0]
#define NO_ADDRESS	NO_DATA

struct servent
{
  char *s_name;
  char **s_aliases;
  int s_port;
  char *s_proto;
}
 ;
struct hostent
{
  char *h_name;
  char **h_aliases;
  int h_addrtype;
  int h_length;
  char **h_addr_list;
}
 ;
struct protoent
{
  char *p_name;
  char **p_aliases;
  int p_proto;
}
 ;
struct netent
{
  char *n_name;
  char **n_aliases;
  int n_addrtype;
  unsigned int n_net;
}
 ;
#define AI_PASSIVE	0x0001
#define AI_CANONNAME	0x0002
#define AI_NUMERICHOST	0x0004

struct addrinfo
{
  int ai_flags;
  int ai_family;
  int ai_socktype;
  int ai_protocol;
  socklen_t ai_addrlen;
  struct sockaddr *ai_addr;
  char *ai_canonname;
  struct addrinfo *ai_next;
}
 ;
#define NI_NUMERICHOST	1
#define NI_DGRAM	16
#define NI_NUMERICSERV	2
#define NI_NOFQDN	4
#define NI_NAMEREQD	8

#define EAI_BADFLAGS	-1
#define EAI_MEMORY	-10
#define EAI_SYSTEM	-11
#define EAI_NONAME	-2
#define EAI_AGAIN	-3
#define EAI_FAIL	-4
#define EAI_NODATA	-5
#define EAI_FAMILY	-6
#define EAI_SOCKTYPE	-7
#define EAI_SERVICE	-8
#define EAI_ADDRFAMILY	-9

1.4.18. netinet/in.h


#define IPPROTO_IP	0
#define IPPROTO_ICMP	1
#define IPPROTO_UDP	17
#define IPPROTO_IGMP	2
#define IPPROTO_RAW	255
#define IPPROTO_IPV6	41
#define IPPROTO_ICMPV6	58
#define IPPROTO_TCP	6

typedef uint16_t in_port_t;

struct in_addr
{
  uint32_t s_addr;
}
 ;
typedef uint32_t in_addr_t;
#define INADDR_NONE	((in_addr_t) 0xffffffff)
#define INADDR_BROADCAST	(0xffffffff)
#define INADDR_ANY	0

struct in6_addr
{
  union
  {
    uint8_t u6_addr8[16];
    uint16_t u6_addr16[8];
    uint32_t u6_addr32[4];
  }
  in6_u;
}
 ;
#define IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT	{ { { 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 } } }
#define IN6ADDR_LOOPBACK_INIT	{ { { 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1 } } }

#define INET_ADDRSTRLEN	16

struct sockaddr_in
{
  sa_family_t sin_family;
  unsigned short sin_port;
  struct in_addr sin_addr;
  unsigned char sin_zero[8];
}
 ;
#define INET6_ADDRSTRLEN	46

struct sockaddr_in6
{
  unsigned short sin6_family;
  uint16_t sin6_port;
  uint32_t sin6_flowinfo;
  struct in6_addr sin6_addr;
  uint32_t sin6_scope_id;
}
 ;
#define SOL_IP	0
#define IP_TOS	1
#define IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS	16
#define IPV6_MULTICAST_IF	17
#define IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS	18
#define IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP	19
#define IP_TTL	2
#define IPV6_JOIN_GROUP	20
#define IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP	21
#define IPV6_V6ONLY	26
#define IP_MULTICAST_IF	32
#define IP_MULTICAST_TTL	33
#define IP_MULTICAST_LOOP	34
#define IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP	35
#define IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP	36
#define IP_OPTIONS	4

struct ipv6_mreq
{
  struct in6_addr ipv6mr_multiaddr;
  int ipv6mr_interface;
}
 ;
struct ip_mreq
{
  struct in_addr imr_multiaddr;
  struct in_addr imr_interface;
}
 ;

1.4.19. netinet/ip.h


#define IPTOS_LOWCOST	0x02
#define IPTOS_RELIABILITY	0x04
#define IPTOS_THROUGHPUT	0x08
#define IPTOS_LOWDELAY	0x10
#define IPTOS_TOS_MASK	0x1e
#define IPTOS_MINCOST	IPTOS_LOWCOST

#define IPTOS_PREC_MASK	0xe0

1.4.20. netinet/tcp.h


#define TCP_NODELAY	1
#define SOL_TCP	6

1.4.21. netinet/udp.h


#define SOL_UDP	17

1.4.22. nl_types.h


#define NL_CAT_LOCALE	1
#define NL_SETD	1

typedef void *nl_catd;

typedef int nl_item;

1.4.23. pty.h


struct winsize
{
  unsigned short ws_row;
  unsigned short ws_col;
  unsigned short ws_xpixel;
  unsigned short ws_ypixel;
}
 ;

1.4.24. pwd.h


struct passwd
{
  char *pw_name;
  char *pw_passwd;
  uid_t pw_uid;
  gid_t pw_gid;
  char *pw_gecos;
  char *pw_dir;
  char *pw_shell;
}
 ;

1.4.25. regex.h


typedef unsigned long int reg_syntax_t;

typedef struct re_pattern_buffer
{
  unsigned char *buffer;
  unsigned long int allocated;
  unsigned long int used;
  reg_syntax_t syntax;
  char *fastmap;
  char *translate;
  size_t re_nsub;
  unsigned int can_be_null:1;
  unsigned int regs_allocated:2;
  unsigned int fastmap_accurate:1;
  unsigned int no_sub:1;
  unsigned int not_bol:1;
  unsigned int not_eol:1;
  unsigned int newline_anchor:1;
}
regex_t;
typedef int regoff_t;
typedef struct
{
  regoff_t rm_so;
  regoff_t rm_eo;
}
regmatch_t;
#define REG_ICASE	(REG_EXTENDED<<1)
#define REG_NEWLINE	(REG_ICASE<<1)
#define REG_NOSUB	(REG_NEWLINE<<1)
#define REG_EXTENDED	1

#define REG_NOTEOL	(1<<1)
#define REG_NOTBOL	1

typedef enum
{
  REG_ENOSYS, REG_NOERROR, REG_NOMATCH, REG_BADPAT, REG_ECOLLATE, REG_ECTYPE,
    REG_EESCAPE, REG_ESUBREG, REG_EBRACK, REG_EPAREN, REG_EBRACE, REG_BADBR,
    REG_ERANGE, REG_ESPACE, REG_BADRPT, REG_EEND, REG_ESIZE, REG_ERPAREN
}
reg_errcode_t;

1.4.26. rpc/auth.h


enum auth_stat
{
  AUTH_OK, AUTH_BADCRED = 1, AUTH_REJECTEDCRED = 2, AUTH_BADVERF =
    3, AUTH_REJECTEDVERF = 4, AUTH_TOOWEAK = 5, AUTH_INVALIDRESP =
    6, AUTH_FAILED = 7
}
 ;

union des_block
{
  struct
  {
    u_int32_t high;
    u_int32_t low;
  }
  key;
  char c[8];
}
 ;

struct opaque_auth
{
  enum_t oa_flavor;
  caddr_t oa_base;
  u_int oa_length;
}
 ;

typedef struct AUTH
{
  struct opaque_auth ah_cred;
  struct opaque_auth ah_verf;
  union des_block ah_key;
  struct auth_ops *ah_ops;
  caddr_t ah_private;
}
AUTH;

struct auth_ops
{
  void (*ah_nextverf) (struct AUTH *);
  int (*ah_marshal) (struct AUTH *, XDR *);
  int (*ah_validate) (struct AUTH *, struct opaque_auth *);
  int (*ah_refresh) (struct AUTH *);
  void (*ah_destroy) (struct AUTH *);
}
 ;

1.4.27. rpc/clnt.h


#define clnt_control(cl,rq,in)	((*(cl)->cl_ops->cl_control)(cl,rq,in))
#define clnt_abort(rh)	((*(rh)->cl_ops->cl_abort)(rh))
#define clnt_call(rh, proc, xargs, argsp, xres, resp, secs)	((*(rh)->cl_ops->cl_call)(rh, proc, xargs, argsp, xres, resp, secs))
#define clnt_destroy(rh)	((*(rh)->cl_ops->cl_destroy)(rh))
#define clnt_freeres(rh,xres,resp)	((*(rh)->cl_ops->cl_freeres)(rh,xres,resp))
#define clnt_geterr(rh,errp)	((*(rh)->cl_ops->cl_geterr)(rh, errp))
#define NULLPROC	((u_long)0)
#define CLSET_TIMEOUT	1
#define CLGET_XID	10
#define CLSET_XID	11
#define CLGET_VERS	12
#define CLSET_VERS	13
#define CLGET_PROG	14
#define CLSET_PROG	15
#define CLGET_TIMEOUT	2
#define CLGET_SERVER_ADDR	3
#define CLSET_RETRY_TIMEOUT	4
#define CLGET_RETRY_TIMEOUT	5
#define CLGET_FD	6
#define CLGET_SVC_ADDR	7
#define CLSET_FD_CLOSE	8
#define CLSET_FD_NCLOSE	9

enum clnt_stat
{
  RPC_SUCCESS, RPC_CANTENCODEARGS = 1, RPC_CANTDECODERES = 2, RPC_CANTSEND =
    3, RPC_CANTRECV = 4, RPC_TIMEDOUT = 5, RPC_VERSMISMATCH =
    6, RPC_AUTHERROR = 7, RPC_PROGUNAVAIL = 8, RPC_PROGVERSMISMATCH =
    9, RPC_PROCUNAVAIL = 10, RPC_CANTDECODEARGS = 11, RPC_SYSTEMERROR =
    12, RPC_NOBROADCAST = 21, RPC_UNKNOWNHOST = 13, RPC_UNKNOWNPROTO =
    17, RPC_UNKNOWNADDR = 19, RPC_RPCBFAILURE = 14, RPC_PROGNOTREGISTERED =
    15, RPC_N2AXLATEFAILURE = 22, RPC_FAILED = 16, RPC_INTR =
    18, RPC_TLIERROR = 20, RPC_UDERROR = 23, RPC_INPROGRESS =
    24, RPC_STALERACHANDLE = 25
}
 ;
struct rpc_err
{
  enum clnt_stat re_status;
  union
  {
    int RE_errno;
    enum auth_stat RE_why;
    struct
    {
      u_long low;
      u_long high;
    }
    RE_vers;
    struct
    {
      long int s1;
      long int s2;
    }
    RE_lb;
  }
  ru;
}
 ;

typedef struct CLIENT
{
  struct AUTH *cl_auth;
  struct clnt_ops *cl_ops;
  caddr_t cl_private;
}
CLIENT;

struct clnt_ops
{
  enum clnt_stat (*cl_call) (struct CLIENT *, u_long, xdrproc_t, caddr_t,
			     xdrproc_t, caddr_t, struct timeval);
  void (*cl_abort) (void);
  void (*cl_geterr) (struct CLIENT *, struct rpc_err *);
    bool_t (*cl_freeres) (struct CLIENT *, xdrproc_t, caddr_t);
  void (*cl_destroy) (struct CLIENT *);
    bool_t (*cl_control) (struct CLIENT *, int, char *);
}
 ;

1.4.28. rpc/rpc_msg.h


enum msg_type
{
  CALL, REPLY = 1
}
 ;
enum reply_stat
{
  MSG_ACCEPTED, MSG_DENIED = 1
}
 ;
enum accept_stat
{
  SUCCESS, PROG_UNAVAIL = 1, PROG_MISMATCH = 2, PROC_UNAVAIL =
    3, GARBAGE_ARGS = 4, SYSTEM_ERR = 5
}
 ;
enum reject_stat
{
  RPC_MISMATCH, AUTH_ERROR = 1
}
 ;

struct accepted_reply
{
  struct opaque_auth ar_verf;
  enum accept_stat ar_stat;
  union
  {
    struct
    {
      unsigned long int low;
      unsigned long int high;
    }
    AR_versions;
    struct
    {
      caddr_t where;
      xdrproc_t proc;
    }
    AR_results;
  }
  ru;
}
 ;

struct rejected_reply
{
  enum reject_stat rj_stat;
  union
  {
    struct
    {
      unsigned long int low;
      unsigned long int high;
    }
    RJ_versions;
    enum auth_stat RJ_why;
  }
  ru;
}
 ;

struct reply_body
{
  enum reply_stat rp_stat;
  union
  {
    struct accepted_reply RP_ar;
    struct rejected_reply RP_dr;
  }
  ru;
}
 ;

struct call_body
{
  unsigned long int cb_rpcvers;
  unsigned long int cb_prog;
  unsigned long int cb_vers;
  unsigned long int cb_proc;
  struct opaque_auth cb_cred;
  struct opaque_auth cb_verf;
}
 ;

struct rpc_msg
{
  unsigned long int rm_xid;
  enum msg_type rm_direction;
  union
  {
    struct call_body RM_cmb;
    struct reply_body RM_rmb;
  }
  ru;
}
 ;

1.4.29. rpc/svc.h


#define svc_freeargs(xprt,xargs, argsp)	(*(xprt)->xp_ops->xp_freeargs)((xprt), (xargs), (argsp))
#define svc_getargs(xprt,xargs, argsp)	(*(xprt)->xp_ops->xp_getargs)((xprt), (xargs), (argsp))
#define RPC_ANYSOCK	-1

typedef struct SVCXPRT
{
  int xp_sock;
  u_short xp_port;
  struct xp_ops *xp_ops;
  int xp_addrlen;
  struct sockaddr_in xp_raddr;
  struct opaque_auth xp_verf;
  caddr_t xp_p1;
  caddr_t xp_p2;
  char xp_pad[256];
}
SVCXPRT;

struct svc_req
{
  rpcprog_t rq_prog;
  rpcvers_t rq_vers;
  rpcproc_t rq_proc;
  struct opaque_auth rq_cred;
  caddr_t rq_clntcred;
  SVCXPRT *rq_xprt;
}
 ;

typedef void (*__dispatch_fn_t) (struct svc_req *, SVCXPRT *);

struct xp_ops
{
  bool_t (*xp_recv) (SVCXPRT * __xprt, struct rpc_msg * __msg);
  enum xprt_stat (*xp_stat) (SVCXPRT * __xprt);
    bool_t (*xp_getargs) (SVCXPRT * __xprt, xdrproc_t __xdr_args,
			  caddr_t args_ptr);
    bool_t (*xp_reply) (SVCXPRT * __xprt, struct rpc_msg * __msg);
    bool_t (*xp_freeargs) (SVCXPRT * __xprt, xdrproc_t __xdr_args,
			   caddr_t args_ptr);
  void (*xp_destroy) (SVCXPRT * __xprt);
}
 ;

1.4.30. rpc/types.h


typedef int bool_t;
typedef int enum_t;
typedef unsigned long int rpcprog_t;
typedef unsigned long int rpcvers_t;
typedef unsigned long int rpcproc_t;
typedef unsigned long int rpcprot_t;

1.4.31. rpc/xdr.h


enum xdr_op
{
  XDR_ENCODE, XDR_DECODE, XDR_FREE
}
 ;
typedef struct XDR
{
  enum xdr_op x_op;
  struct xdr_ops *x_ops;
  caddr_t x_public;
  caddr_t x_private;
  caddr_t x_base;
  int x_handy;
}
XDR;

struct xdr_ops
{
  bool_t (*x_getlong) (XDR * __xdrs, long int *__lp);
  bool_t (*x_putlong) (XDR * __xdrs, long int *__lp);
  bool_t (*x_getbytes) (XDR * __xdrs, caddr_t __addr, u_int __len);
  bool_t (*x_putbytes) (XDR * __xdrs, char *__addr, u_int __len);
  u_int (*x_getpostn) (XDR * __xdrs);
  bool_t (*x_setpostn) (XDR * __xdrs, u_int __pos);
  int32_t *(*x_inline) (XDR * __xdrs, int __len);
  void (*x_destroy) (XDR * __xdrs);
    bool_t (*x_getint32) (XDR * __xdrs, int32_t * __ip);
    bool_t (*x_putint32) (XDR * __xdrs, int32_t * __ip);
}
 ;

typedef bool_t (*xdrproc_t) (XDR *, void *, ...);

struct xdr_discrim
{
  int value;
  xdrproc_t proc;
}
 ;

1.4.32. sched.h


#define SCHED_OTHER	0
#define SCHED_FIFO	1
#define SCHED_RR	2

struct sched_param
{
  int sched_priority;
}
 ;

1.4.33. search.h


typedef struct entry
{
  char *key;
  void *data;
}
ENTRY;
typedef enum
{
  FIND, ENTER
}
ACTION;
typedef enum
{
  preorder, postorder, endorder, leaf
}
VISIT;

typedef void (*__action_fn_t) (void *__nodep, VISIT __value, int __level);

1.4.34. setjmp.h


#define setjmp(env)	_setjmp(env)
#define sigsetjmp(a,b)	__sigsetjmp(a,b)

struct __jmp_buf_tag
{
  __jmp_buf __jmpbuf;
  int __mask_was_saved;
  sigset_t __saved_mask;
}
 ;

typedef struct __jmp_buf_tag jmp_buf[1];
typedef jmp_buf sigjmp_buf;

1.4.35. signal.h


#define _SIGSET_NWORDS	(1024/(8*sizeof(unsigned long)))
#define SIGRTMAX	(__libc_current_sigrtmax ())
#define SIGRTMIN	(__libc_current_sigrtmin ())
#define SIG_BLOCK	0
#define SIG_UNBLOCK	1
#define SIG_SETMASK	2
#define NSIG	65

typedef int sig_atomic_t;

typedef void (*sighandler_t) (int);
#define SIG_HOLD	((sighandler_t) 2)
#define SIG_ERR	((sighandler_t)-1)
#define SIG_DFL	((sighandler_t)0)
#define SIG_IGN	((sighandler_t)1)

#define SIGHUP	1
#define SIGUSR1	10
#define SIGSEGV	11
#define SIGUSR2	12
#define SIGPIPE	13
#define SIGALRM	14
#define SIGTERM	15
#define SIGSTKFLT	16
#define SIGCHLD	17
#define SIGCONT	18
#define SIGSTOP	19
#define SIGINT	2
#define SIGTSTP	20
#define SIGTTIN	21
#define SIGTTOU	22
#define SIGURG	23
#define SIGXCPU	24
#define SIGXFSZ	25
#define SIGVTALRM	26
#define SIGPROF	27
#define SIGWINCH	28
#define SIGIO	29
#define SIGQUIT	3
#define SIGPWR	30
#define SIGSYS	31
#define SIGUNUSED	31
#define SIGILL	4
#define SIGTRAP	5
#define SIGABRT	6
#define SIGIOT	6
#define SIGBUS	7
#define SIGFPE	8
#define SIGKILL	9
#define SIGCLD	SIGCHLD
#define SIGPOLL	SIGIO

#define SV_ONSTACK	(1<<0)
#define SV_INTERRUPT	(1<<1)
#define SV_RESETHAND	(1<<2)

typedef union sigval
{
  int sival_int;
  void *sival_ptr;
}
sigval_t;
#define SIGEV_SIGNAL	0
#define SIGEV_NONE	1
#define SIGEV_THREAD	2
#define SIGEV_MAX_SIZE	64

typedef struct sigevent
{
  sigval_t sigev_value;
  int sigev_signo;
  int sigev_notify;
  union
  {
    int _pad[SIGEV_PAD_SIZE];
    struct
    {
      void (*sigev_thread_func) (sigval_t);
      void *_attribute;
    }
    _sigev_thread;
  }
  _sigev_un;
}
sigevent_t;
#define SI_MAX_SIZE	128
#define si_pid	_sifields._kill._pid
#define si_uid	_sifields._kill._uid
#define si_value	_sifields._rt._sigval
#define si_int	_sifields._rt._sigval.sival_int
#define si_ptr	_sifields._rt._sigval.sival_ptr
#define si_status	_sifields._sigchld._status
#define si_stime	_sifields._sigchld._stime
#define si_utime	_sifields._sigchld._utime
#define si_addr	_sifields._sigfault._addr
#define si_band	_sifields._sigpoll._band
#define si_fd	_sifields._sigpoll._fd
#define si_timer1	_sifields._timer._timer1
#define si_timer2	_sifields._timer._timer2

typedef struct siginfo
{
  int si_signo;
  int si_errno;
  int si_code;
  union
  {
    int _pad[SI_PAD_SIZE];
    struct
    {
      pid_t _pid;
      uid_t _uid;
    }
    _kill;
    struct
    {
      unsigned int _timer1;
      unsigned int _timer2;
    }
    _timer;
    struct
    {
      pid_t _pid;
      uid_t _uid;
      sigval_t _sigval;
    }
    _rt;
    struct
    {
      pid_t _pid;
      uid_t _uid;
      int _status;
      clock_t _utime;
      clock_t _stime;
    }
    _sigchld;
    struct
    {
      void *_addr;
    }
    _sigfault;
    struct
    {
      int _band;
      int _fd;
    }
    _sigpoll;
  }
  _sifields;
}
siginfo_t;
#define SI_QUEUE	-1
#define SI_TIMER	-2
#define SI_MESGQ	-3
#define SI_ASYNCIO	-4
#define SI_SIGIO	-5
#define SI_TKILL	-6
#define SI_ASYNCNL	-60
#define SI_USER	0
#define SI_KERNEL	0x80

#define ILL_ILLOPC	1
#define ILL_ILLOPN	2
#define ILL_ILLADR	3
#define ILL_ILLTRP	4
#define ILL_PRVOPC	5
#define ILL_PRVREG	6
#define ILL_COPROC	7
#define ILL_BADSTK	8

#define FPE_INTDIV	1
#define FPE_INTOVF	2
#define FPE_FLTDIV	3
#define FPE_FLTOVF	4
#define FPE_FLTUND	5
#define FPE_FLTRES	6
#define FPE_FLTINV	7
#define FPE_FLTSUB	8

#define SEGV_MAPERR	1
#define SEGV_ACCERR	2

#define BUS_ADRALN	1
#define BUS_ADRERR	2
#define BUS_OBJERR	3

#define TRAP_BRKPT	1
#define TRAP_TRACE	2

#define CLD_EXITED	1
#define CLD_KILLED	2
#define CLD_DUMPED	3
#define CLD_TRAPPED	4
#define CLD_STOPPED	5
#define CLD_CONTINUED	6

#define POLL_IN	1
#define POLL_OUT	2
#define POLL_MSG	3
#define POLL_ERR	4
#define POLL_PRI	5
#define POLL_HUP	6

typedef struct
{
  unsigned long int sig[_SIGSET_NWORDS];
}
sigset_t;
#define SA_NOCLDSTOP	0x00000001
#define SA_NOCLDWAIT	0x00000002
#define SA_SIGINFO	0x00000004
#define SA_ONSTACK	0x08000000
#define SA_RESTART	0x10000000
#define SA_INTERRUPT	0x20000000
#define SA_NODEFER	0x40000000
#define SA_RESETHAND	0x80000000
#define SA_NOMASK	SA_NODEFER
#define SA_ONESHOT	SA_RESETHAND

typedef struct sigaltstack
{
  void *ss_sp;
  int ss_flags;
  size_t ss_size;
}
stack_t;
#define SS_ONSTACK	1
#define SS_DISABLE	2

1.4.36. stddef.h


#define offsetof(TYPE,MEMBER)	((size_t)& ((TYPE*)0)->MEMBER)
#define NULL	(0L)

typedef int wchar_t;

1.4.37. stdio.h


#define EOF	(-1)
#define P_tmpdir	"/tmp"
#define FOPEN_MAX	16
#define L_tmpnam	20
#define FILENAME_MAX	4096
#define BUFSIZ	8192
#define L_ctermid	9
#define L_cuserid	9

typedef struct
{
  off_t __pos;
  mbstate_t __state;
}
fpos_t;
typedef struct
{
  off64_t __pos;
  mbstate_t __state;
}
fpos64_t;

typedef struct _IO_FILE FILE;
#define _IOFBF	0
#define _IOLBF	1
#define _IONBF	2

1.4.38. stdlib.h


#define MB_CUR_MAX	(__ctype_get_mb_cur_max())
#define EXIT_SUCCESS	0
#define EXIT_FAILURE	1
#define RAND_MAX	2147483647

typedef int (*__compar_fn_t) (const void *, const void *);
struct random_data
{
  int32_t *fptr;
  int32_t *rptr;
  int32_t *state;
  int rand_type;
  int rand_deg;
  int rand_sep;
  int32_t *end_ptr;
}
 ;

typedef struct
{
  int quot;
  int rem;
}
div_t;

typedef struct
{
  long int quot;
  long int rem;
}
ldiv_t;

typedef struct
{
  long long int quot;
  long long int rem;
}
lldiv_t;

1.4.39. sys/file.h


#define LOCK_SH	1
#define LOCK_EX	2
#define LOCK_NB	4
#define LOCK_UN	8

1.4.40. sys/ipc.h


#define IPC_PRIVATE	((key_t)0)
#define IPC_RMID	0
#define IPC_CREAT	00001000
#define IPC_EXCL	00002000
#define IPC_NOWAIT	00004000
#define IPC_SET	1
#define IPC_STAT	2

1.4.41. sys/mman.h


#define MAP_FAILED	((void*)-1)
#define PROT_NONE	0x0
#define MAP_SHARED	0x01
#define MAP_PRIVATE	0x02
#define PROT_READ	0x1
#define MAP_FIXED	0x10
#define PROT_WRITE	0x2
#define MAP_ANONYMOUS	0x20
#define PROT_EXEC	0x4
#define MS_ASYNC	1
#define MS_INVALIDATE	2
#define MS_SYNC	4
#define MAP_ANON	MAP_ANONYMOUS

1.4.42. sys/msg.h


#define MSG_NOERROR	010000

1.4.43. sys/param.h


#define NOFILE	256
#define MAXPATHLEN	4096

1.4.44. sys/poll.h


#define POLLIN	0x0001
#define POLLPRI	0x0002
#define POLLOUT	0x0004
#define POLLERR	0x0008
#define POLLHUP	0x0010
#define POLLNVAL	0x0020

struct pollfd
{
  int fd;
  short events;
  short revents;
}
 ;
typedef unsigned long int nfds_t;

1.4.45. sys/resource.h


#define RUSAGE_CHILDREN	(-1)
#define RUSAGE_BOTH	(-2)
#define RLIM_INFINITY	(~0UL)
#define RLIM_SAVED_CUR	-1
#define RLIM_SAVED_MAX	-1
#define RLIMIT_CPU	0
#define RUSAGE_SELF	0
#define RLIMIT_FSIZE	1
#define RLIMIT_DATA	2
#define RLIMIT_STACK	3
#define RLIMIT_CORE	4
#define RLIMIT_NOFILE	7
#define RLIMIT_AS	9

typedef unsigned long int rlim_t;
typedef unsigned long long int rlim64_t;
typedef int __rlimit_resource_t;

struct rlimit
{
  rlim_t rlim_cur;
  rlim_t rlim_max;
}
 ;
struct rlimit64
{
  rlim64_t rlim_cur;
  rlim64_t rlim_max;
}
 ;

struct rusage
{
  struct timeval ru_utime;
  struct timeval ru_stime;
  long int ru_maxrss;
  long int ru_ixrss;
  long int ru_idrss;
  long int ru_isrss;
  long int ru_minflt;
  long int ru_majflt;
  long int ru_nswap;
  long int ru_inblock;
  long int ru_oublock;
  long int ru_msgsnd;
  long int ru_msgrcv;
  long int ru_nsignals;
  long int ru_nvcsw;
  long int ru_nivcsw;
}
 ;

enum __priority_which
{
  PRIO_PROCESS, PRIO_PGRP = 1, PRIO_USER = 2
}
 ;
#define PRIO_PGRP	PRIO_PGRP
#define PRIO_PROCESS	PRIO_PROCESS
#define PRIO_USER	PRIO_USER

typedef enum __priority_which __priority_which_t;

1.4.46. sys/sem.h


#define SEM_UNDO	0x1000
#define GETPID	11
#define GETVAL	12
#define GETALL	13
#define GETNCNT	14
#define GETZCNT	15
#define SETVAL	16
#define SETALL	17

struct sembuf
{
  short sem_num;
  short sem_op;
  short sem_flg;
}
 ;

1.4.47. sys/shm.h


#define SHM_RDONLY	010000
#define SHM_W	0200
#define SHM_RND	020000
#define SHM_R	0400
#define SHM_REMAP	040000
#define SHM_LOCK	11
#define SHM_UNLOCK	12

1.4.48. sys/socket.h


#define CMSG_NXTHDR(mhdr,cmsg)	 ( ((cmsg) == NULL) ? CMSG_FIRSTHDR(mhdr) : (((unsigned char *)(cmsg) + CMSG_ALIGN((cmsg)->cmsg_len) + CMSG_ALIGN(sizeof(struct cmsghdr)) > (unsigned char *)((mhdr)->msg_control) + (mhdr)->msg_controllen) ? (struct cmsghdr *)NULL :(struct cmsghdr *)((unsi
#define CMSG_ALIGN(len)	(((len)+sizeof(size_t)-1)& (size_t)~(sizeof(size_t)-1))
#define CMSG_FIRSTHDR(msg)	((size_t) (mhdr)->msg_controllen >= sizeof (struct cmsghdr) ? (struct cmsghdr *) (mhdr)->msg_control : (struct cmsghdr *) NULL)
#define CMSG_DATA(cmsg)	((unsigned char *) (cmsg) + CMSG_ALIGN(sizeof(struct cmsghdr)))
#define CMSG_LEN(len)	(CMSG_ALIGN(sizeof(struct cmsghdr))+(len))
#define CMSG_SPACE(len)	(CMSG_ALIGN(sizeof(struct cmsghdr))+CMSG_ALIGN(len))
#define SCM_RIGHTS	0x01
#define SOL_SOCKET	1
#define SOMAXCONN	128
#define SOL_RAW	255

struct linger
{
  int l_onoff;
  int l_linger;
}
 ;
struct cmsghdr
{
  size_t cmsg_len;
  int cmsg_level;
  int cmsg_type;
}
 ;
struct iovec
{
  void *iov_base;
  size_t iov_len;
}
 ;

typedef unsigned short sa_family_t;
typedef unsigned int socklen_t;

struct sockaddr
{
  sa_family_t sa_family;
  char sa_data[14];
}
 ;
struct sockaddr_storage
{
  sa_family_t ss_family;
  __ss_aligntype __ss_align;
  char __ss_padding[(128 - (2 * sizeof (__ss_aligntype)))];
}
 ;

struct msghdr
{
  void *msg_name;
  int msg_namelen;
  struct iovec *msg_iov;
  size_t msg_iovlen;
  void *msg_control;
  size_t msg_controllen;
  unsigned int msg_flags;
}
 ;
#define AF_UNSPEC	0
#define AF_UNIX	1
#define AF_INET6	10
#define AF_INET	2

#define PF_INET	AF_INET
#define PF_INET6	AF_INET6
#define PF_UNIX	AF_UNIX
#define PF_UNSPEC	AF_UNSPEC

#define SOCK_STREAM	1
#define SOCK_PACKET	10
#define SOCK_DGRAM	2
#define SOCK_RAW	3
#define SOCK_RDM	4
#define SOCK_SEQPACKET	5

#define SO_DEBUG	1
#define SO_OOBINLINE	10
#define SO_NO_CHECK	11
#define SO_PRIORITY	12
#define SO_LINGER	13
#define SO_REUSEADDR	2
#define SO_TYPE	3
#define SO_ACCEPTCONN	30
#define SO_ERROR	4
#define SO_DONTROUTE	5
#define SO_BROADCAST	6
#define SO_SNDBUF	7
#define SO_RCVBUF	8
#define SO_KEEPALIVE	9

#define SIOCGIFFLAGS	0x8913
#define SIOCGIFADDR	0x8915
#define SIOCGIFNETMASK	0x891b

#define SHUT_RD	0
#define SHUT_WR	1
#define SHUT_RDWR	2
#define MSG_DONTROUTE	4

#define MSG_WAITALL	0x100
#define MSG_TRUNC	0x20
#define MSG_EOR	0x80
#define MSG_OOB	1
#define MSG_PEEK	2
#define MSG_CTRUNC	8

1.4.49. sys/stat.h


#define S_ISBLK(m)	(((m)& S_IFMT)==S_IFBLK)
#define S_ISCHR(m)	(((m)& S_IFMT)==S_IFCHR)
#define S_ISDIR(m)	(((m)& S_IFMT)==S_IFDIR)
#define S_ISFIFO(m)	(((m)& S_IFMT)==S_IFIFO)
#define S_ISLNK(m)	(((m)& S_IFMT)==S_IFLNK)
#define S_ISREG(m)	(((m)& S_IFMT)==S_IFREG)
#define S_ISSOCK(m)	(((m)& S_IFMT)==S_IFSOCK)
#define S_TYPEISMQ(buf)	((buf)->st_mode - (buf)->st_mode)
#define S_TYPEISSEM(buf)	((buf)->st_mode - (buf)->st_mode)
#define S_TYPEISSHM(buf)	((buf)->st_mode - (buf)->st_mode)
#define S_IRWXU	(S_IREAD|S_IWRITE|S_IEXEC)
#define S_IROTH	(S_IRGRP>>3)
#define S_IRGRP	(S_IRUSR>>3)
#define S_IRWXO	(S_IRWXG>>3)
#define S_IRWXG	(S_IRWXU>>3)
#define S_IWOTH	(S_IWGRP>>3)
#define S_IWGRP	(S_IWUSR>>3)
#define S_IXOTH	(S_IXGRP>>3)
#define S_IXGRP	(S_IXUSR>>3)
#define S_ISVTX	01000
#define S_IXUSR	0x0040
#define S_IWUSR	0x0080
#define S_IRUSR	0x0100
#define S_ISGID	0x0400
#define S_ISUID	0x0800
#define S_IFIFO	0x1000
#define S_IFCHR	0x2000
#define S_IFDIR	0x4000
#define S_IFBLK	0x6000
#define S_IFREG	0x8000
#define S_IFLNK	0xa000
#define S_IFSOCK	0xc000
#define S_IFMT	0xf000
#define st_atime	st_atim.tv_sec
#define st_ctime	st_ctim.tv_sec
#define st_mtime	st_mtim.tv_sec
#define S_IREAD	S_IRUSR
#define S_IWRITE	S_IWUSR
#define S_IEXEC	S_IXUSR

1.4.50. sys/time.h


#define ITIMER_REAL	0
#define ITIMER_VIRTUAL	1
#define ITIMER_PROF	2

struct timezone
{
  int tz_minuteswest;
  int tz_dsttime;
}
 ;

typedef int __itimer_which_t;

struct timespec
{
  time_t tv_sec;
  long int tv_nsec;
}
 ;

struct timeval
{
  time_t tv_sec;
  suseconds_t tv_usec;
}
 ;

struct itimerval
{
  struct timeval it_interval;
  struct timeval it_value;
}
 ;

1.4.51. sys/timeb.h


struct timeb
{
  time_t time;
  unsigned short millitm;
  short timezone;
  short dstflag;
}
 ;

1.4.52. sys/times.h


struct tms
{
  clock_t tms_utime;
  clock_t tms_stime;
  clock_t tms_cutime;
  clock_t tms_cstime;
}
 ;

1.4.53. sys/types.h


#define FD_ISSET(d,set)	((set)->fds_bits[((d)/(8*sizeof(long)))]& (1<<((d)%(8*sizeof(long)))))
#define FD_CLR(d,set)	((set)->fds_bits[((d)/(8*sizeof(long)))]& =~(1<<((d)%(8*sizeof(long)))))
#define FD_SET(d,set)	((set)->fds_bits[((d)/(8*sizeof(long)))]|=(1<<((d)%(8*sizeof(long)))))
#define FALSE	0
#define TRUE	1
#define FD_SETSIZE	1024
#define FD_ZERO(fdsetp)	bzero(fdsetp, sizeof(*(fdsetp)))

typedef signed char int8_t;
typedef short int16_t;
typedef int int32_t;
typedef unsigned char u_int8_t;
typedef unsigned short u_int16_t;
typedef unsigned int u_int32_t;
typedef unsigned int uid_t;
typedef int pid_t;
typedef unsigned long int off_t;
typedef int key_t;
typedef long int suseconds_t;
typedef unsigned int u_int;
typedef struct
{
  int __val[2];
}
fsid_t;
typedef unsigned int useconds_t;
typedef unsigned long int blksize_t;
typedef long int fd_mask;
typedef int timer_t;
typedef int clockid_t;

typedef unsigned int id_t;

typedef unsigned long long int ino64_t;
typedef long long int loff_t;
typedef unsigned long int blkcnt_t;
typedef unsigned long int fsblkcnt_t;
typedef unsigned long int fsfilcnt_t;
typedef unsigned long long int blkcnt64_t;
typedef unsigned long long int fsblkcnt64_t;
typedef unsigned long long int fsfilcnt64_t;
typedef unsigned char u_char;
typedef unsigned short u_short;
typedef unsigned long int u_long;

typedef unsigned long int ino_t;
typedef unsigned int gid_t;
typedef unsigned long long int dev_t;
typedef unsigned int mode_t;
typedef unsigned long int nlink_t;
typedef char *caddr_t;

typedef struct
{
  unsigned long int fds_bits[__FDSET_LONGS];
}
fd_set;

typedef long int clock_t;
typedef long int time_t;

1.4.54. sys/un.h


#define UNIX_PATH_MAX	108

struct sockaddr_un
{
  sa_family_t sun_family;
  char sun_path[UNIX_PATH_MAX];
}
 ;

1.4.55. sys/utsname.h


#define SYS_NMLN	65

struct utsname
{
  char sysname[65];
  char nodename[65];
  char release[65];
  char version[65];
  char machine[65];
  char domainname[65];
}
 ;

1.4.56. sys/wait.h


#define WIFSIGNALED(status)	(!WIFSTOPPED(status) & & !WIFEXITED(status))
#define WIFSTOPPED(status)	(((status) &  0xff) == 0x7f)
#define WEXITSTATUS(status)	(((status) &  0xff00) >> 8)
#define WTERMSIG(status)	((status) &  0x7f)
#define WCOREDUMP(status)	((status) &  0x80)
#define WIFEXITED(status)	(WTERMSIG(status) == 0)
#define WNOHANG	0x00000001
#define WUNTRACED	0x00000002
#define WCOREFLAG	0x80
#define WSTOPSIG(status)	WEXITSTATUS(status)

typedef enum
{
  P_ALL, P_PID, P_PGID
}
idtype_t;

1.4.57. syslog.h


#define LOG_EMERG	0
#define LOG_PRIMASK	0x07
#define LOG_ALERT	1
#define LOG_CRIT	2
#define LOG_ERR	3
#define LOG_WARNING	4
#define LOG_NOTICE	5
#define LOG_INFO	6
#define LOG_DEBUG	7

#define LOG_KERN	(0<<3)
#define LOG_AUTHPRIV	(10<<3)
#define LOG_FTP	(11<<3)
#define LOG_USER	(1<<3)
#define LOG_MAIL	(2<<3)
#define LOG_DAEMON	(3<<3)
#define LOG_AUTH	(4<<3)
#define LOG_SYSLOG	(5<<3)
#define LOG_LPR	(6<<3)
#define LOG_NEWS	(7<<3)
#define LOG_UUCP	(8<<3)
#define LOG_CRON	(9<<3)
#define LOG_FACMASK	0x03f8

#define LOG_LOCAL0	(16<<3)
#define LOG_LOCAL1	(17<<3)
#define LOG_LOCAL2	(18<<3)
#define LOG_LOCAL3	(19<<3)
#define LOG_LOCAL4	(20<<3)
#define LOG_LOCAL5	(21<<3)
#define LOG_LOCAL6	(22<<3)
#define LOG_LOCAL7	(23<<3)

#define LOG_UPTO(pri)	((1 << ((pri)+1)) - 1)
#define LOG_MASK(pri)	(1 << (pri))

#define LOG_PID	0x01
#define LOG_CONS	0x02
#define LOG_ODELAY	0x04
#define LOG_NDELAY	0x08
#define LOG_NOWAIT	0x10
#define LOG_PERROR	0x20

1.4.58. termios.h


#define TCIFLUSH	0
#define TCOOFF	0
#define TCSANOW	0
#define BS0	0000000
#define CR0	0000000
#define FF0	0000000
#define NL0	0000000
#define TAB0	0000000
#define VT0	0000000
#define OPOST	0000001
#define OCRNL	0000010
#define ONOCR	0000020
#define ONLRET	0000040
#define OFILL	0000100
#define OFDEL	0000200
#define NL1	0000400
#define TCOFLUSH	1
#define TCOON	1
#define TCSADRAIN	1
#define TCIOFF	2
#define TCIOFLUSH	2
#define TCSAFLUSH	2
#define TCION	3

typedef unsigned int speed_t;
typedef unsigned char cc_t;
typedef unsigned int tcflag_t;
#define NCCS	32

struct termios
{
  tcflag_t c_iflag;
  tcflag_t c_oflag;
  tcflag_t c_cflag;
  tcflag_t c_lflag;
  cc_t c_line;
  cc_t c_cc[NCCS];
  speed_t c_ispeed;
  speed_t c_ospeed;
}
 ;
#define VINTR	0
#define VQUIT	1
#define VLNEXT	15
#define VERASE	2
#define VKILL	3
#define VEOF	4

#define IGNBRK	0000001
#define BRKINT	0000002
#define IGNPAR	0000004
#define PARMRK	0000010
#define INPCK	0000020
#define ISTRIP	0000040
#define INLCR	0000100
#define IGNCR	0000200
#define ICRNL	0000400
#define IXANY	0004000
#define IMAXBEL	0020000

#define CS5	0000000

#define ECHO	0000010

#define B0	0000000
#define B50	0000001
#define B75	0000002
#define B110	0000003
#define B134	0000004
#define B150	0000005
#define B200	0000006
#define B300	0000007
#define B600	0000010
#define B1200	0000011
#define B1800	0000012
#define B2400	0000013
#define B4800	0000014
#define B9600	0000015
#define B19200	0000016
#define B38400	0000017

1.4.59. time.h


#define CLK_TCK	((clock_t)__sysconf(2))
#define CLOCK_REALTIME	0
#define TIMER_ABSTIME	1
#define CLOCKS_PER_SEC	1000000l

struct tm
{
  int tm_sec;
  int tm_min;
  int tm_hour;
  int tm_mday;
  int tm_mon;
  int tm_year;
  int tm_wday;
  int tm_yday;
  int tm_isdst;
  long int tm_gmtoff;
  char *tm_zone;
}
 ;
struct itimerspec
{
  struct timespec it_interval;
  struct timespec it_value;
}
 ;

1.4.60. ulimit.h


#define UL_GETFSIZE	1
#define UL_SETFSIZE	2

1.4.61. unistd.h

The LSB requires _XOPEN_REALTIME to be defined to 1, but does not require all the set of functions required by the ISO POSIX (2003) XSI Option Group _XOPEN_REALTIME. For example, the asynchronous input/output functions are optional for LSB conforming systems.


#define SEEK_SET	0
#define STDIN_FILENO	0
#define SEEK_CUR	1
#define STDOUT_FILENO	1
#define SEEK_END	2
#define STDERR_FILENO	2

typedef long long int off64_t;
#define F_OK	0
#define X_OK	1
#define W_OK	2
#define R_OK	4

#define _POSIX_VDISABLE	'\0'
#define _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED	1
#define _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL	1
#define _POSIX_NO_TRUNC	1
#define _POSIX_SHELL	1
#define _POSIX_FSYNC	200112
#define _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES	200112
#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK	200112
#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE	200112
#define _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION	200112
#define _POSIX_SEMAPHORES	200112
#define _POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS	200112
#define _POSIX_TIMERS	200112
#define _POSIX2_C_BIND	200112L
#define _POSIX_THREADS	200112L

#define _PC_LINK_MAX	0
#define _PC_MAX_CANON	1
#define _PC_ASYNC_IO	10
#define _PC_PRIO_IO	11
#define _PC_FILESIZEBITS	13
#define _PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE	14
#define _PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE	16
#define _PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN	17
#define _PC_ALLOC_SIZE_MIN	18
#define _PC_MAX_INPUT	2
#define _PC_2_SYMLINKS	20
#define _PC_NAME_MAX	3
#define _PC_PATH_MAX	4
#define _PC_PIPE_BUF	5
#define _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED	6
#define _PC_NO_TRUNC	7
#define _PC_VDISABLE	8
#define _PC_SYNC_IO	9

#define _SC_ARG_MAX	0
#define _SC_CHILD_MAX	1
#define _SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING	10
#define _SC_TIMERS	11
#define _SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO	12
#define _SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32	125
#define _SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG	126
#define _SC_XBS5_LP64_OFF64	127
#define _SC_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG	128
#define _SC_XOPEN_LEGACY	129
#define _SC_PRIORITIZED_IO	13
#define _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME	130
#define _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS	131
#define _SC_ADVISORY_INFO	132
#define _SC_BARRIERS	133
#define _SC_CLOCK_SELECTION	137
#define _SC_CPUTIME	138
#define _SC_THREAD_CPUTIME	139
#define _SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO	14
#define _SC_MONOTONIC_CLOCK	149
#define _SC_FSYNC	15
#define _SC_READER_WRITER_LOCKS	153
#define _SC_SPIN_LOCKS	154
#define _SC_REGEXP	155
#define _SC_SHELL	157
#define _SC_SPAWN	159
#define _SC_MAPPED_FILES	16
#define _SC_SPORADIC_SERVER	160
#define _SC_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER	161
#define _SC_TIMEOUTS	164
#define _SC_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS	165
#define _SC_2_PBS_ACCOUNTING	169
#define _SC_MEMLOCK	17
#define _SC_2_PBS_LOCATE	170
#define _SC_2_PBS_MESSAGE	171
#define _SC_2_PBS_TRACK	172
#define _SC_SYMLOOP_MAX	173
#define _SC_2_PBS_CHECKPOINT	175
#define _SC_V6_ILP32_OFF32	176
#define _SC_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG	177
#define _SC_V6_LP64_OFF64	178
#define _SC_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG	179
#define _SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE	18
#define _SC_HOST_NAME_MAX	180
#define _SC_TRACE	181
#define _SC_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER	182
#define _SC_TRACE_INHERIT	183
#define _SC_TRACE_LOG	184
#define _SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION	19
#define _SC_CLK_TCK	2
#define _SC_MESSAGE_PASSING	20
#define _SC_SEMAPHORES	21
#define _SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS	22
#define _SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX	23
#define _SC_AIO_MAX	24
#define _SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX	25
#define _SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX	26
#define _SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX	27
#define _SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX	28
#define _SC_VERSION	29
#define _SC_NGROUPS_MAX	3
#define _SC_PAGESIZE	30
#define _SC_PAGE_SIZE	30
#define _SC_RTSIG_MAX	31
#define _SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX	32
#define _SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX	33
#define _SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX	34
#define _SC_TIMER_MAX	35
#define _SC_BC_BASE_MAX	36
#define _SC_BC_DIM_MAX	37
#define _SC_BC_SCALE_MAX	38
#define _SC_BC_STRING_MAX	39
#define _SC_OPEN_MAX	4
#define _SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX	40
#define _SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX	42
#define _SC_LINE_MAX	43
#define _SC_RE_DUP_MAX	44
#define _SC_2_VERSION	46
#define _SC_2_C_BIND	47
#define _SC_2_C_DEV	48
#define _SC_2_FORT_DEV	49
#define _SC_STREAM_MAX	5
#define _SC_2_FORT_RUN	50
#define _SC_2_SW_DEV	51
#define _SC_2_LOCALEDEF	52
#define _SC_TZNAME_MAX	6
#define _SC_IOV_MAX	60
#define _SC_THREADS	67
#define _SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS	68
#define _SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX	69
#define _SC_JOB_CONTROL	7
#define _SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX	70
#define _SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX	71
#define _SC_TTY_NAME_MAX	72
#define _SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS	73
#define _SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX	74
#define _SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN	75
#define _SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX	76
#define _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR	77
#define _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE	78
#define _SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING	79
#define _SC_SAVED_IDS	8
#define _SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT	80
#define _SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT	81
#define _SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED	82
#define _SC_ATEXIT_MAX	87
#define _SC_PASS_MAX	88
#define _SC_XOPEN_VERSION	89
#define _SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS	9
#define _SC_XOPEN_UNIX	91
#define _SC_XOPEN_CRYPT	92
#define _SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N	93
#define _SC_XOPEN_SHM	94
#define _SC_2_CHAR_TERM	95
#define _SC_2_C_VERSION	96
#define _SC_2_UPE	97

#define _CS_PATH	0
#define _POSIX_REGEXP	1
#define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS	1100
#define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS	1101
#define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS	1102
#define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LINTFLAGS	1103
#define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS	1104
#define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS	1105
#define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS	1106
#define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS	1107
#define _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS	1108
#define _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS	1109
#define _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LIBS	1110
#define _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LINTFLAGS	1111
#define _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS	1112
#define _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS	1113
#define _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS	1114
#define _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS	1115

#define _XOPEN_XPG4	1

#define F_ULOCK	0
#define F_LOCK	1
#define F_TLOCK	2
#define F_TEST	3

1.4.62. utime.h


struct utimbuf
{
  time_t actime;
  time_t modtime;
}
 ;

1.4.63. utmp.h


#define UT_HOSTSIZE	256
#define UT_LINESIZE	32
#define UT_NAMESIZE	32

struct exit_status
{
  short e_termination;
  short e_exit;
}
 ;

#define EMPTY	0
#define RUN_LVL	1
#define BOOT_TIME	2
#define NEW_TIME	3
#define OLD_TIME	4
#define INIT_PROCESS	5
#define LOGIN_PROCESS	6
#define USER_PROCESS	7
#define DEAD_PROCESS	8
#define ACCOUNTING	9

1.4.64. wchar.h


#define WEOF	(0xffffffffu)
#define WCHAR_MAX	0x7FFFFFFF
#define WCHAR_MIN	0x80000000

1.4.65. wctype.h


typedef unsigned long int wctype_t;
typedef unsigned int wint_t;
typedef const int32_t *wctrans_t;
typedef struct
{
  int count;
  wint_t value;
}
__mbstate_t;

typedef __mbstate_t mbstate_t;

1.4.66. wordexp.h


enum
{
  WRDE_DOOFFS, WRDE_APPEND, WRDE_NOCMD, WRDE_REUSE, WRDE_SHOWERR, WRDE_UNDEF,
    __WRDE_FLAGS
}
 ;

typedef struct
{
  int we_wordc;
  char **we_wordv;
  int we_offs;
}
wordexp_t;

enum
{
  WRDE_NOSYS, WRDE_NOSPACE, WRDE_BADCHAR, WRDE_BADVAL, WRDE_CMDSUB,
    WRDE_SYNTAX
}
 ;

1.5. Interface Definitions for libc

Table of Contents
_IO_feof -- alias for feof
_IO_getc -- alias for getc
_IO_putc -- alias for putc
_IO_puts -- alias for puts
__assert_fail -- abort the program after false assertion
__ctype_b_loc -- accessor function for __ctype_b array for ctype functions
__ctype_get_mb_cur_max -- maximum length of a multibyte character in the current locale
__ctype_tolower_loc -- accessor function for __ctype_b_tolower array for ctype tolower() function
__ctype_toupper_loc -- accessor function for __ctype_b_toupper() array for ctype toupper() function
__cxa_atexit -- register a function to be called by exit or when a shared library is unloaded
__daylight -- Daylight savings time flag
__environ -- alias for environ - user environment
__errno_location -- address of errno variable
__fpending -- returns in bytes the amount of output pending on a stream
__getpagesize -- alias for getpagesize - get current page size
__getpgid -- get the process group id
__h_errno_location -- address of h_errno variable
__isinf -- test for infinity
__isinff -- test for infinity
__isinfl -- test for infinity
__isnan -- test for infinity
__isnanf -- test for infinity
__isnanl -- test for infinity
__libc_current_sigrtmax -- return number of available real-time signal with lowest priority
__libc_current_sigrtmin -- return number of available real-time signal with highest priority
__libc_start_main -- initialization routine
__lxstat -- inline wrapper around call to lxstat
__mempcpy -- copy given number of bytes of source to destination
__rawmemchr -- scan memory
__register_atfork -- alias for register_atfork
__sigsetjmp -- save stack context for non-local goto
__stpcpy -- copy a string returning a pointer to its end
__strdup -- alias for strdup
__strtod_internal -- underlying function for strtod
__strtof_internal -- underlying function for strtof
__strtok_r -- alias for strtok_r
__strtol_internal -- alias for strtol
__strtold_internal -- underlying function for strtold
__strtoll_internal -- underlying function for strtoll
__strtoul_internal -- underlying function for strtoul
__strtoull_internal -- underlying function for strtoull
__sysconf -- get configuration information at runtime
__sysv_signal -- signal handling
__timezone -- global variable containing timezone
__tzname -- global variable containing the timezone
__wcstod_internal -- underlying function for wcstod
__wcstof_internal -- underlying function for wcstof
__wcstol_internal -- underlying function for wcstol
__wcstold_internal -- underlying function for wcstold
__wcstoul_internal -- underlying function for wcstoul
__xmknod -- make block or character special file
__xstat -- Get File Status
__xstat64 -- Get File Status
_environ -- alias for environ - user environment
_nl_msg_cat_cntr -- new catalog load counter
_sys_errlist -- array containing the "C" locale strings used by strerror()
_sys_siglist -- array containing the names of the signal names
acct -- switch process accounting on or off
adjtime -- correct the time to allow synchronization of the system clock
asprintf -- write formatted output to a dynamically allocated string
bind_textdomain_codeset -- specify encoding for message retrieval
bindresvport -- bind socket to privileged IP port
bindtextdomain -- specify the location of a message catalog
cfmakeraw -- get and set terminal attributes
cfsetspeed -- set terminal input and output data rate
daemon -- run in the background
dcgettext -- perform domain and category specific lookup in message catalog
dcngettext -- perform domain and category specific lookup in message catalog with plural
dgettext -- perform lookup in message catalog for the current LC_MESSAGES locale
dngettext -- perform lookup in message catalog for the current locale
duplocale -- provide new handle for selection of locale
err -- display formatted error messages
error -- print error message
errx -- display formatted error message and exit
fcntl -- file control
fflush_unlocked -- non thread safe fflush
fgetwc_unlocked -- non thread safe fgetwc
flock -- apply or remove an advisory lock on an open file
freelocale -- free a locale object
fscanf -- convert formatted input
fwscanf -- convert formatted input
getgrouplist -- get network group entry
getloadavg -- get system load averages
getopt -- parse command line options
getopt_long -- parse command line options
getopt_long_only -- parse command line options
getsockopt -- get socket options
gettext -- Search message catalogs for a string
getutent -- access user accounting database entries
getutent_r -- access user accounting database entries
glob64 -- find pathnames matching a pattern (Large File Support)
globfree64 -- free memory from glob64() (Large File Support)
initgroups -- initialize the supplementary group access list
ioctl -- control device
sockio -- socket ioctl commands
ttyio -- tty ioctl commands
kill -- send a signal
link -- create a link to a file
mbsnrtowcs -- convert a multibyte string to a wide character string
memmem -- locate bytes
memrchr -- scan memory for a character
newlocale -- allocate a locale object
ngettext -- Search message catalogs for plural string
pmap_getport -- Find the port number assigned to a service registered with a portmapper.
pmap_set -- Establishes mapping to machine's RPC Bind service.
pmap_unset --  Destroys RPC Binding
psignal -- print signal message
regexec -- regular expression matching
scanf -- convert formatted input
setbuffer -- stream buffering operation
setgroups -- set list of supplementary group IDs
sethostname -- set host name
setsockopt -- set socket options
setutent -- access user accounting database entries
sigandset -- build a new signal set by combining the two input sets using logical AND
sigisemptyset -- check for empty signal set
sigorset -- build a new signal set by combining the two input sets using logical OR
sigreturn -- return from signal handler and cleanup stack frame
sscanf -- convert formatted input
stime -- set time
stpcpy -- copy a string returning a pointer to its end
stpncpy -- copy a fixed-size string, returning a pointer to its end
strcasestr -- locate a substring ignoring case
strerror_r -- reentrant version of strerror
strndup -- return a malloc'd copy of at most the specified number of bytes of a string
strnlen -- determine the length of a fixed-size string
strptime -- parse a time string
strsep -- extract token from string
strsignal -- return string describing signal
strtoq -- convert string value to a long or quad_t integer
strtouq -- convert a string to an unsigned long long
svc_register -- Register Remote Procedure Call Interface
svc_run -- Waits for RPC requests to arrive and calls service procedure.
svc_sendreply -- called by RPC service's dispatch routine
svctcp_create -- Creates a TCP/IP-based RPC service transport.
svcudp_create --  Creates a UDP-based RPC service transport.
swscanf -- convert formatted input
system -- execute a shell command
textdomain -- set the current default message domain
unlink -- remove a directory entry
uselocale -- Set locale for thread
utmpname -- set user accounting database
vasprintf -- write formatted output to a dynamically allocated string
vdprintf -- write formatted output to a file descriptor
verrx -- display formatted error message and exit
vfscanf -- convert formatted input
vfwscanf -- convert formatted input
vscanf -- convert formatted input
vsscanf -- convert formatted input
vswscanf -- convert formatted input
vsyslog -- log to system log
vwscanf -- convert formatted input
wait4 -- wait for process termination, BSD style
waitpid -- wait for child process
warn -- formatted error messages
warnx -- formatted error messages
wcpcpy -- copy a wide character string, returning a pointer to its end
wcpncpy -- copy a fixed-size string of wide characters, returning a pointer to its end
wcscasecmp -- compare two wide-character strings, ignoring case
wcsdup -- duplicate a wide-character string
wcsncasecmp -- compare two fixed-size wide-character strings, ignoring case
wcsnlen -- determine the length of a fixed-size wide-character string
wcsnrtombs -- convert a wide character string to a multi-byte string
wcstoq -- convert wide string to long long int representation
wcstouq -- convert wide string to unsigned long long int representation
wscanf -- convert formatted input
xdr_u_int -- library routines for external data representation

The following interfaces are included in libc and are defined by this specification. Unless otherwise noted, these interfaces shall be included in the source standard.

Other interfaces listed above for libc shall behave as described in the referenced base document.

_IO_feof

Name

_IO_feof -- alias for feof

Synopsis

int _IO_feof(_IO_FILE * __fp);

Description

_IO_feof() tests the end-of-file indicator for the stream pointed to by __fp, returning a non-zero value if it is set.

_IO_feof() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

_IO_getc

Name

_IO_getc -- alias for getc

Synopsis

int _IO_getc(_IO_FILE * __fp);

Description

_IO_getc() reads the next character from __fp and returns it as an unsigned char cast to an int, or EOF on end-of-file or error.

_IO_getc() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

_IO_putc

Name

_IO_putc -- alias for putc

Synopsis

int _IO_putc(int __c, _IO_FILE * __fp);

Description

_IO_putc() writes the character __c, cast to an unsigned char, to __fp.

_IO_putc() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

_IO_puts

Name

_IO_puts -- alias for puts

Synopsis

int _IO_puts(const char * __c);

Description

_IO_puts() writes the string __s and a trailing newline to stdout.

_IO_puts() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__assert_fail

Name

__assert_fail -- abort the program after false assertion

Synopsis

void __assert_fail(const char * assertion, const char * file, unsigned int line, const char * function);

Description

The __assert_fail() function is used to implement the assert() interface of ISO POSIX (2003). The __assert_fail() function shall print the given file filename, line line number, function function name and a message on the standard error stream in an unspecified format, and abort program execution via the abort() function. For example:

a.c:10: foobar: Assertion a == b failed.

If function is NULL, __assert_fail() shall omit information about the function.

assertion, file, and line shall be non-NULL.

The __assert_fail() function is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard. The assert() interface is not in the binary standard; it is only in the source standard. The assert() may be implemented as a macro.

__ctype_b_loc

Name

__ctype_b_loc -- accessor function for __ctype_b array for ctype functions

Synopsis

#include <ctype.h>

const unsigned short * * __ctype_b_loc (void);

Description

The __ctype_b_loc() function shall return a pointer into an array of characters in the current locale that contains characteristics for each character in the current character set. The array shall contain a total of 384 characters, and can be indexed with any signed or unsigned char (i.e. with an index value between -128 and 255). If the application is multithreaded, the array shall be local to the current thread.

This interface is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

Return Value

The __ctype_b_loc() function shall return a pointer to the array of characters to be used for the ctype() family of functions (see <ctype.h>).

__ctype_get_mb_cur_max

Name

__ctype_get_mb_cur_max -- maximum length of a multibyte character in the current locale

Synopsis

size_t __ctype_get_mb_cur_max(void);

Description

__ctype_get_mb_cur_max() returns the maximum length of a multibyte character in the current locale.

__ctype_get_mb_cur_max() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__ctype_tolower_loc

Name

__ctype_tolower_loc -- accessor function for __ctype_b_tolower array for ctype tolower() function

Synopsis

#include <ctype.h>

int32_t * * __ctype_tolower_loc(void);

Description

The __ctype_tolower_loc() function shall return a pointer into an array of characters in the current locale that contains lower case equivalents for each character in the current character set. The array shall contain a total of 384 characters, and can be indexed with any signed or unsigned char (i.e. with an index value between -128 and 255). If the application is multithreaded, the array shall be local to the current thread.

This interface is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

Return Value

The __ctype_tolower_loc() function shall return a pointer to the array of characters to be used for the ctype() family of functions (see <ctype.h>).

__ctype_toupper_loc

Name

__ctype_toupper_loc -- accessor function for __ctype_b_toupper() array for ctype toupper() function

Synopsis

#include <ctype.h>

int32_t * * __ctype_toupper_loc(void);

Description

The __ctype_toupper_loc() function shall return a pointer into an array of characters in the current locale that contains upper case equivalents for each character in the current character set. The array shall contain a total of 384 characters, and can be indexed with any signed or unsigned char (i.e. with an index value between -128 and 255). If the application is multithreaded, the array shall be local to the current thread.

This interface is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

Return Value

The __ctype_toupper_loc() function shall return a pointer to the array of characters to be used for the ctype() family of functions (see <ctype.h>).

__cxa_atexit

Name

__cxa_atexit -- register a function to be called by exit or when a shared library is unloaded

Synopsis

int __cxa_atexit(void (*func) (void *), void * arg, void * dso_handle);

Description

__cxa_atexit() registers a function to be called by exit or when a shared library is unloaded.

The __cxa_atexit() function is used to implement atexit(), as described in ISO POSIX (2003). Calling

atexit(func)
from the statically linked part of an application shall be equivalent to
__cxa_atexit(func, NULL, NULL)
.

__cxa_atexit() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard. atexit() is not in the binary standard; it is only in the source standard.

__daylight

Name

__daylight -- Daylight savings time flag

Synopsis

int __daylight;

Description

The integer variable __daylight shall implement the daylight savings time flag daylight as specified in the ISO POSIX (2003) header file <time.h>.

__daylight is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard. daylight is not in the binary standard; it is only in the source standard.

__environ

Name

__environ -- alias for environ - user environment

Synopsis

extern char * *__environ;

Description

__environ is an alias for environ - user environment.

__environ has the same specification as environ.

__environ is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__errno_location

Name

__errno_location -- address of errno variable

Synopsis

int * __errno_location(void);

Description

__errno_location() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__fpending

Name

__fpending -- returns in bytes the amount of output pending on a stream

Synopsis

#include <stdio_ext.h>

size_t __fpending(FILE * stream);

Description

__fpending() returns the amount of output in bytes pending on a stream.

__fpending() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__getpagesize

Name

__getpagesize -- alias for getpagesize - get current page size

Synopsis

int __getpagesize(void);

Description

__getpagesize() is an alias for getpagesize() - get current page size.

__getpagesize() has the same specification as getpagesize().

__getpagesize() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__getpgid

Name

__getpgid -- get the process group id

Synopsis

pid_t __getpgid(pid_t pid);

Description

__getpgid() has the same specification as getpgid().

__getpgid() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__h_errno_location

Name

__h_errno_location -- address of h_errno variable

Synopsis

int * __h_errno_location(void);

Description

__h_errno_location() returns the address of the h_errno variable, where h_errno is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003).

__h_errno_location() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard. Note that h_errno itself is only in the source standard; it is not in the binary standard.

__isinf

Name

__isinf -- test for infinity

Synopsis

int __isinf(double arg);

Description

__isinf() has the same specification as isinf() in ISO POSIX (2003), except that the argument type for __isinf() is known to be double.

__isinf() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__isinff

Name

__isinff -- test for infinity

Synopsis

int __isinff(float arg);

Description

__isinff() has the same specification as isinf() in ISO POSIX (2003) except that the argument type for __isinff() is known to be float.

__isinff() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__isinfl

Name

__isinfl -- test for infinity

Synopsis

int __isinfl(long double arg);

Description

__isinfl() has the same specification as isinf() in the ISO POSIX (2003), except that the argument type for __isinfl() is known to be long double.

__isinfl() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__isnan

Name

__isnan -- test for infinity

Synopsis

int __isnan(double arg);

Description

__isnan() has the same specification as isnan() in ISO POSIX (2003), except that the argument type for __isnan() is known to be double.

__isnan() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__isnanf

Name

__isnanf -- test for infinity

Synopsis

int __isnanf(float arg);

Description

__isnanf() has the same specification as isnan() in ISO POSIX (2003), except that the argument type for __isnanf() is known to be float.

__isnanf() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__isnanl

Name

__isnanl -- test for infinity

Synopsis

int __isnanl(long double arg);

Description

__isnanl() has the same specification as isnan() in ISO POSIX (2003), except that the argument type for __isnanl() is known to be long double.

__isnanl() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__libc_current_sigrtmax

Name

__libc_current_sigrtmax -- return number of available real-time signal with lowest priority

Synopsis

int __libc_current_sigrtmax(void);

Description

__libc_current_sigrtmax() returns the number of an available real-time signal with the lowest priority.

__libc_current_sigrtmax() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__libc_current_sigrtmin

Name

__libc_current_sigrtmin -- return number of available real-time signal with highest priority

Synopsis

int __libc_current_sigrtmin(void);

Description

__libc_current_sigrtmin() returns the number of an available real-time signal with the highest priority.

__libc_current_sigrtmin() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__libc_start_main

Name

__libc_start_main -- initialization routine

Synopsis

int __libc_start_main(int *(main) (int, char * *, char * *), int argc, char * * ubp_av, void (*init) (void), void (*fini) (void), void (*rtld_fini) (void), void (* stack_end));

Description

The __libc_start_main() function shall initialize the process, call the main function with appropriate arguments, and handle the return from main().

__libc_start_main() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__lxstat

Name

__lxstat -- inline wrapper around call to lxstat

Synopsis

#include <ctype.h>

int __lxstat(int version, char * __path, struct stat __statbuf);

Description

__lxstat() is an inline wrapper around call to lxstat().

__lxstat() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__mempcpy

Name

__mempcpy -- copy given number of bytes of source to destination

Synopsis

#include <string.h>

ptr_t __mempcpy(ptr_t restrict dest, const ptr_t restrict src, size_t n);

Description

__mempcpy() copies n bytes of source to destination, returning pointer to bytes after the last written byte.

__mempcpy() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__rawmemchr

Name

__rawmemchr -- scan memory

Synopsis

#include <string.h>

ptr_t __rawmemchr(const ptr_t s, int c);

Description

__rawmemchr() searches in s for c.

__rawmemchr() is a weak alias to rawmemchr(). It is similar to memchr(), but it has no length limit.

__rawmemchr() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__register_atfork

Name

__register_atfork -- alias for register_atfork

Synopsis

int __register_atfork(void (*prepare) (void), void (*parent) (void), void (*child) (void), void * __dso_handle);

Description

__register_atfork() implements pthread_atfork() as specified in ISO POSIX (2003). The additional parameter __dso_handle allows a shared object to pass in it's handle so that functions registered by __register_atfork() can be unregistered by the runtime when the shared object is unloaded.

__sigsetjmp

Name

__sigsetjmp -- save stack context for non-local goto

Synopsis

int __sigsetjmp(jmp_buf env, int savemask);

Description

__sigsetjmp() has the same behavior as sigsetjmp() as specified by ISO POSIX (2003).

__sigsetjmp() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__stpcpy

Name

__stpcpy -- copy a string returning a pointer to its end

Synopsis

#include <string.h>

char * __stpcpy(char * dest, const char * src);

Description

__stpcpy() copies the string src (including the terminating /0 character) to the array dest. The strings may not overlap, and dest must be large enough to receive the copy.

Return Value

__stpcpy() returns a pointer to the end of the string dest (that is, the address of the terminating NULL character) rather than the beginning.

__stpcpy() has the same specification as stpcpy().

__stpcpy() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__strdup

Name

__strdup -- alias for strdup

Synopsis

char * __strdup(const char string);

Description

__strdup() has the same specification as strdup().

__strdup() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__strtod_internal

Name

__strtod_internal -- underlying function for strtod

Synopsis

double __strtod_internal(const char * __nptr, char * * __endptr, int __group);

Description

__group shall be 0 or the behavior of __strtod_internal() is undefined.

__strtod_internal(__nptr, __endptr, 0)() has the same specification as strtod(__nptr, __endptr)().

__strtod_internal() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__strtof_internal

Name

__strtof_internal -- underlying function for strtof

Synopsis

float __strtof_internal(const char * __nptr, char * * __endptr, int __group);

Description

__group shall be 0 or the behavior of __strtof_internal() is undefined.

__strtof_internal(__nptr, __endptr, 0)() has the same specification as strtof(__nptr, __endptr)().

__strtof_internal() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__strtok_r

Name

__strtok_r -- alias for strtok_r

Synopsis

char * __strtok_r(char * restrict s, const char * restrict delim, char * * restrict save_ptr);

Description

__strtok_r() has the same specification as strtok_r().

__strtok_r() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__strtol_internal

Name

__strtol_internal -- alias for strtol

Synopsis

long int __strtol_internal(const char * __nptr, char * * __endptr, int __base, int __group);

Description

__group shall be 0 or the behavior of __strtol_internal() is undefined.

__strtol_internal(__nptr, __endptr, __base, 0) has the same specification as strtol(__nptr, __endptr, __base).

__strtol_internal() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__strtold_internal

Name

__strtold_internal -- underlying function for strtold

Synopsis

long double __strtold_internal(const char * __nptr, char * * __endptr, int __group);

Description

__group shall be 0 or the behavior of __strtold_internal() is undefined.

__strtold_internal(__nptr, __endptr, 0) has the same specification as strtold(__nptr, __endptr).

__strtold_internal() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__strtoll_internal

Name

__strtoll_internal -- underlying function for strtoll

Synopsis

long long __strtoll_internal(const char * __nptr, char * * __endptr, int __base, int __group);

Description

__group shall be 0 or the behavior of __strtoll_internal() is undefined.

__strtoll_internal(__nptr, __endptr, __base, 0) has the same specification as strtoll(__nptr, __endptr, __base).

__strtoll_internal() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__strtoul_internal

Name

__strtoul_internal -- underlying function for strtoul

Synopsis

unsigned long int __strtoul_internal(const char * __nptr, char * * __endptr, int __base, int __group);

Description

__group shall be 0 or the behavior of __strtoul_internal() is undefined.

__strtoul_internal(__nptr, __endptr, __base, 0) has the same specification as strtoul(__nptr, __endptr, __base).

__strtoul_internal() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__strtoull_internal

Name

__strtoull_internal -- underlying function for strtoull

Synopsis

unsigned long long __strtoull_internal(const char * __nptr, char * * __endptr, int __base, int __group);

Description

__group shall be 0 or the behavior of __strtoull_internal() is undefined.

__strtoull_internal(__nptr, __endptr, __base, 0) has the same specification as strtoull(__nptr, __endptr, __base).

__strtoull_internal() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__sysconf

Name

__sysconf -- get configuration information at runtime

Synopsis

#include <unistd.h>

long __sysconf(int name);

Description

__sysconf() gets configuration information at runtime.

__sysconf() is weak alias to sysconf().

__sysconf() has the same specification as sysconf().

__sysconf() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__sysv_signal

Name

__sysv_signal -- signal handling

Synopsis

__sighandler_t __sysv_signal(int sig, __sighandler_t handler);

Description

__sysv_signal() has the same behavior as signal() as specified by ISO POSIX (2003).

__sysv_signal() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__timezone

Name

 -- global variable containing timezone

Synopsis

long int __timezone;

Description

__timezone() has the same specification as timezone() in the ISO POSIX (2003)

__tzname

Name

 -- global variable containing the timezone

Synopsis

char * __tzname[2];

Description

__tzname has the same specification as tzname in the ISO POSIX (2003).

Note that the array size of 2 is explicit in the ISO POSIX (2003), but not in the SUSv2.

__wcstod_internal

Name

__wcstod_internal -- underlying function for wcstod

Synopsis

double __wcstod_internal(const wchar_t * nptr, wchar_t * * endptr, int group);

Description

group shall be 0 or the behavior of __wcstod_internal() is undefined.

__wcstod_internal(nptr, endptr, 0) has the same specification as wcstod(nptr, endptr).

__wcstod_internal() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__wcstof_internal

Name

__wcstof_internal -- underlying function for wcstof

Synopsis

float __wcstof_internal(const wchar_t * nptr, wchar_t * * endptr, int group);

Description

group shall be 0 or the behavior of __wcstof_internal() is undefined.

__wcstof_internal(nptr, endptr, 0) has the same specification as wcstof(nptr, endptr).

__wcstof_internal() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__wcstol_internal

Name

__wcstol_internal -- underlying function for wcstol

Synopsis

long __wcstol_internal(const wchar_t * nptr, wchar_t * * endptr, int base, int group);

Description

group shall be 0 or the behavior of __wcstol_internal() is undefined.

__wcstol_internal(nptr, endptr, base, 0) has the same specification as wcstol(nptr, endptr, base).

__wcstol_internal() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__wcstold_internal

Name

__wcstold_internal -- underlying function for wcstold

Synopsis

long double __wcstold_internal(const wchar_t * nptr, wchar_t * * endptr, int group);

Description

group shall be 0 or the behavior of __wcstold_internal() is undefined.

__wcstold_internal(nptr, endptr, 0) has the same specification as wcstold(nptr, endptr).

__wcstold_internal() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__wcstoul_internal

Name

__wcstoul_internal -- underlying function for wcstoul

Synopsis

unsigned long __wcstoul_internal(const wchar_t * restrict nptr, wchar_t * * restrict endptr, int base, int group);

Description

group shall be 0 or the behavior of __wcstoul_internal() is undefined.

__wcstoul_internal(nptr, endptr, base, 0)() has the same specification as wcstoul(nptr, endptr, base)().

__wcstoul_internal() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__xmknod

Name

__xmknod -- make block or character special file

Synopsis

int __xmknod(int ver, const char * path, mode_t mode, dev_t * dev);

Description

The __xmknod() shall implement the mknod() interface from ISO POSIX (2003).

__xmknod(1, path, mode, dev) has the same specification as mknod(path, mode, dev).

ver shall be 1 or the behavior of __xmknod() is undefined.

The __xmknod() function is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard. The mknod() function is not in the binary standard; it is only in the source standard.

__xstat

Name

__xstat -- Get File Status

Synopsis

#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>

int __xstat(int ver, const char * path, struct stat * stat_buf);

int __lxstat(int ver, const char * path, struct stat * stat_buf);

int __fxstat(int ver, int fildes, struct stat * stat_buf);

Description

The functions __xstat(), __lxstat(), and __fxstat() shall implement the ISO POSIX (2003) functions stat(), lstat(), and fstat() respectively.

ver shall be 3 or the behavior of these functions is undefined.

__xstat(3, path, stat_buf) shall behave as stat(path, stat_buf) as specified by ISO POSIX (2003).

__lxstat(3, path, stat_buf) shall behave as lstat(path, stat_buf) as specified by ISO POSIX (2003).

__fxstat(3, fildes, stat_buf) shall behave as fstat(fildes, stat_buf) as specified by ISO POSIX (2003).

__xstat(), __lxstat(), and __fxstat() are not in the source standard; they are only in the binary standard.

stat(), lstat(), and fstat() are not in the binary standard; they are only in the source standard.

__xstat64

Name

__xstat64 -- Get File Status

Synopsis

#define _LARGEFILE_SOURCE 1
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>

int __xstat64(int ver, const char * path, struct stat64 * stat_buf);

int __lxstat64(int ver, const char * path, struct stat64 * stat_buf);

int __fxstat64(int ver, int fildes, struct stat64 * stat_buf);

Description

The functions __xstat64(), __lxstat64(), and __fxstat64() shall implement the Large File Support functions stat64(), lstat64(), and fstat64() respectively.

ver shall be 3 or the behavior of these functions is undefined.

__xstat64(3, path, stat_buf) shall behave as stat(path, stat_buf) as specified by Large File Support.

__lxstat64(3, path, stat_buf) shall behave as lstat(path, stat_buf) as specified by Large File Support.

__fxstat64(3, fildes, stat_buf) shall behave as fstat(fildes, stat_buf) as specified by Large File Support.

__xstat64(), __lxstat64(), and __fxstat64() are not in the source standard; they are only in the binary standard.

stat64(), lstat64(), and fstat64() are not in the binary standard; they are only in the source standard.

_environ

Name

_environ -- alias for environ - user environment

Synopsis

extern char * *_environ;

Description

_environ is an alias for environ - user environment.

_nl_msg_cat_cntr

Name

_nl_msg_cat_cntr -- new catalog load counter

Synopsis

#include <libintl.h>

extern int _nl_msg_cat_cntr;

Description

_nl_msg_cat_cntr is incremented each time a new catalong is loaded. It is a variable defined in loadmsgcat.c and is used by Message catalogs for internationalization.

_sys_errlist

Name

_sys_errlist -- array containing the "C" locale strings used by strerror()

Synopsis

#include <stdio.h>

extern const char *const _sys_errlist[];

Description

_sys_errlist is an array containing the "C" locale strings used by strerror(). This normally should not be used directly. strerror() provides all of the needed functionality.

_sys_siglist

Name

_sys_siglist -- array containing the names of the signal names

Synopsis

#include <signal.h>

extern const char *const _sys_siglist[NSIG];

Description

_sys_siglist is an array containing the names of the signal names.

The _sys_siglist array is only in the binary standard; it is not in the source standard. Applications wishing to access the names of signals should use the strsignal() function.

acct

Name

acct -- switch process accounting on or off

Synopsis

#include <dirent.h>

int acct(const char * filename);

Description

When filename is the name of an existing file, acct() turns accounting on and appends a record to filename for each terminating process. When filename is NULL, acct() turns accounting off.

Return Value

On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.

Errors

ENOSYS

BSD process accounting has not been enabled when the operating system kernel was compiled. The kernel configuration parameter controlling this feature is CONFIG_BSD_PROCESS_ACCT.

ENOMEM

Out of memory.

EPERM

The calling process has no permission to enable process accounting.

EACCES

filename is not a regular file.

EIO

Error writing to the filename.

EUSERS

There are no more free file structures or we run out of memory.

adjtime

Name

adjtime -- correct the time to allow synchronization of the system clock

Synopsis

#include <time.h>

int adjtime(const struct timeval * delta, struct timeval * olddelta);

Description

adjtime() makes small adjustments to the system time as returned by gettimeofday()(2), advancing or retarding it by the time specified by the timeval delta. If delta is negative, the clock is slowed down by incrementing it more slowly than normal until the correction is complete. If delta is positive, a larger increment than normal is used. The skew used to perform the correction is generally a fraction of one percent. Thus, the time is always a monotonically increasing function. A time correction from an earlier call to adjtime() may not be finished when adjtime() is called again. If olddelta is non-NULL, the structure pointed to will contain, upon return, the number of microseconds still to be corrected from the earlier call.

adjtime() may be used by time servers that synchronize the clocks of computers in a local area network. Such time servers would slow down the clocks of some machines and speed up the clocks of others to bring them to the average network time.

The adjtime() is restricted to the super-user.

Return Value

On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.

Errors

EFAULT

An argument points outside the process's allocated address space.

EPERM

The process's effective user ID is not that of the super-user.

asprintf

Name

asprintf -- write formatted output to a dynamically allocated string

Synopsis

#include <stdio.h>

int asprintf(char ** restrict ptr, const char * restrict format, ...);

Description

The asprintf() function shall behave as sprintf(), except that the output string shall be dynamically allocated space of sufficient length to hold the resulting string. The address of this dynamically allocated string shall be stored in the location referenced by ptr.

Return Value

Refer to fprintf().

Errors

Refer to fprintf().

bind_textdomain_codeset

Name

bind_textdomain_codeset -- specify encoding for message retrieval

Synopsis

#include <libintl.h>

char * bind_textdomain_codeset (const char * domainname , const char * codeset );

Description

The bind_textdomain_codeset function can be used to specify the output codeset for message catalogs for domain domainname. The codeset argument shall be a valid codeset name which can be used tor the iconv_open function, or a null pointer. If the codeset argument is the null pointer, then function returns the currently selected codeset for the domain with the name domainname. It shall return a null pointer if no codeset has yet been selected

Each successive call to bind_textdomain_codeset() function overrrides the settings made by the preceding call with the same domainname.

The bind_textdomain_codeset() function shall return a pointer to a string containing the name of the selected codeset. The string shall be allocated internally in the function and shall not be changed or freed by the user.

The bind_textdomain_codeset() function returns a pointer to a string containing the name of the selected codeset. The string is allocated internally in the function and shall not be changed by the user.

Parameters

domainname

The domainname argument is applied to the currently active LC_MESSAGE locale. It is equivalent in syntax and meaning to the domainname argument to textdomain, except that the selection of the domain is valid only for the duration of the call.

codeset

The name of the output codeset for the selected domain, or NULL to select the current codeset.

If domainname is the null pointer, or is an empty string, bind_textdomain_codeset() shall fail, but need not set errno.

Return Value

Returns the currently selected codeset name. It returns a null pointer if no codeset has yet been selected.

Errors

ENOMEM

Insufficient memory available to allocate return value.

See Also

gettext, dgettext, ngettext, dngettext, dcgettext, dcngettext, textdomain, bindtextdomain

bindresvport

Name

bindresvport -- bind socket to privileged IP port

Synopsis

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <rpc.rpc.h>

int bindresvport(int sd, struct sockaddr_in * sin);

Description

If the process has appropriate privilege, the bindresvport() function shall bind a socket to a privileged IP port.

Return Value

On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.

Errors

EPERM

The process did not have appropriate privilege.

EPFNOSUPPORT

Address of sin did not match address family of sd.

bindtextdomain

Name

bindtextdomain -- specify the location of a message catalog

Synopsis

#include <libintl.h>

char * bindtextdomain(const char * domainname, const char * dirname);

Description

The bindtextdomain() shall set the the base directory of the hierarchy containing message catalogs for a given message domain.

The bindtextdomain() function specifies that the domainname message catalog can be found in the dirname directory hierarchy, rather than in the system default locale data base.

If dirname is not NULL, the base directory for message catalogs belonging to domain domainname shall be set to dirname. If dirname is NULL, the base directory for message catalogs shall not be altered.

The function shall make copies of the argument strings as needed.

dirname can be an absolute or relative pathname.

Note: Applications that wish to use chdir() should always use absolute pathnames to avoid misadvertently selecting the wrong or non-existant directory.

If domainname is the null pointer, or is an empty string, bindtextdomain() shall fail, but need not set errno.

The bindtextdomain() function shall return a pointer to a string containing the name of the selected directory. The string shall be allocated internally in the function and shall not be changed or freed by the user.

Return Value

On success, bindtextdomain() shall return a pointer to a string containing the directory pathname currently bound to the domain. On failure, a NULL pointer is returned, and the global variable errno may be set to indicate the error.

Errors

ENOMEM

Insufficient memory was available.

See Also

gettext, dgettext, ngettext, dngettext, dcgettext, dcngettext, textdomain, bind_textdomain_codeset

cfmakeraw

Name

cfmakeraw -- get and set terminal attributes

Synopsis

#include <termios.h>

void cfmakeraw(struct termios * termios_p);

Description

The cfmakeraw() function shall set the attributes of the termios structure referenced by termios_p as follows:

  termios_p->c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK|BRKINT|PARMRK|ISTRIP
                          |INLCR|IGNCR|ICRNL|IXON);

  termios_p->c_oflag &= ~OPOST;

  termios_p->c_lflag &= ~(ECHO|ECHONL|ICANON|ISIG|IEXTEN);

  termios_p->c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE|PARENB);

  termios_p->c_cflag |= CS8;

termios_p shall point to a termios structure that contains the following members:

  tcflag_t c_iflag;      /* input modes */
  tcflag_t c_oflag;      /* output modes */
  tcflag_t c_cflag;      /* control modes */
  tcflag_t c_lflag;      /* local modes */
  cc_t c_cc[NCCS];       /* control chars */

cfsetspeed

Name

cfsetspeed -- set terminal input and output data rate

Synopsis

#include <termios.h>

int cfsetspeed(struct termios *t, speed_t speed);

Description

cfsetspeed() sets the baud rate values in the termios structure. The effects of the function on the terminal as described below do not become effective, nor are all errors detected, until the tcsetattr() function is called. Certain values for baud rates set in termios and passed to tcsetattr() have special meanings.

Getting and Setting the Baud Rate

Input and output baud rates are found in the termios structure. The unsigned integer speed_t is typdef'd in the include file termios.h. The value of the integer corresponds directly to the baud rate being represented; however, the following symbolic values are defined.

  #define B0      0
  #define B50     50
  #define B75     75
  #define B110    110
  #define B134    134
  #define B150    150
  #define B200    200
  #define B300    300
  #define B600    600
  #define B1200   1200
  #define B1800   1800
  #define B2400   2400
  #define B4800   4800
  #define B9600   9600
  #define B19200  19200
  #define B38400  38400
  #ifndef _POSIX_SOURCE
  #define EXTA    19200
  #define EXTB    38400
  #endif  /*_POSIX_SOURCE */

cfsetspeed() sets both the input and output baud rates in the termios structure referenced by t to speed.

Return Value

On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.

Errors

EINVAL

Invalid speed argument

daemon

Name

daemon -- run in the background

Synopsis

#include <unistd.h>

int daemon(int nochdir, int noclose);

Description

The daemon() function shall create a new process, detached from the controlling terminal. If successful, the calling process shall exit and the new process shall continue to execute the application in the background. If nochdir evaluates to true, the current directory shall not be changed. Otherwise, daemon() shall change the current working directory to the root (`/'). If noclose evaluates to true the standard input, standard output, and standard error file descriptors shall not be altered. Otherwise, daemon() shall close the standard input, standard output and standard error file descriptors and reopen them attached to /dev/null.

Return Value

On error, -1 is returned, and the global variable errno is set to any of the errors specified for the library functions fork() and setsid().

dcgettext

Name

dcgettext -- perform domain and category specific lookup in message catalog

Synopsis

#include <libintl.h>
#include <locale.h>

char * dcgettext(const char * domainname, const char * msgid, int category);

Description

The dcgettext() function is a domain specified version of gettext().

The dcgettext() function shall lookup the translation in the current locale of the message identified by msgid in the domain specified by domainname and in the locale category specified by category. If domainname is NULL, the current default domain shall be used. The msgid argument shall be a NULL-terminated string to be matched in the catalogue. category shall specify the locale category to be used for retrieving message strings. The category parameter shall be one of LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC, or LC_TIME. The default domain shall not be changed by a call to dcgettext.

Return Value

If a translation was found in one of the specified catalogs, it shall be converted to the current locale's codeset and returned. The resulting NULL-terminated string shall be allocated by the dcgettext function, and must not be modified or freed. If no translation was found, or category was invalid, msgid shall be returned.

Errors

dcgettext() shall not modify the errno global variable.

See Also

gettext, dgettext, ngettext, dngettext, dcngettext, textdomain, bindtextdomain, bind_textdomain_codeset

dcngettext

Name

dcngettext -- perform domain and category specific lookup in message catalog with plural

Synopsis

#include <libintl.h>
#include <locale.h>

char * dcngettext(const char * domainname, const char * msgid1, const char * msgid2, unsigned long int n, int category);

Description

The dcngettext() function is a domain specific version of gettext, capable of returning either a singular or plural form of the message. The dcngettext() function shall lookup the translation in the current locale of the message identified by msgid1 in the domain specified by domainname and in the locale category specified by category. If domainname is NULL, the current default domain shall be used. The msgid1 argument shall be a NULL-terminated string to be matched in the catalogue. category shall specify the locale category to be used for retrieving message strings. The category parameter shall be one of LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC, or LC_TIME. The default domain shall not be changed by a call to dcgettext(). If n is 1 then the singular version of the message is returned, otherwise one of the plural forms is returned, depending on the value of n and the current locale settings.

Return Value

If a translation corresponding to the value of n was found in one of the specified catalogs for msgid1, it shall be converted to the current locale's codeset and returned. The resulting NULL-terminated string shall be allocated by the dcngettext() function, and must not be modified or freed. If no translation was found, or category was invalid, msgid1 shall be returned if n has the value 1, otherwise msgid2 shall be returned.

Errors

dcngettext() shall not modify the errno global variable.

See Also

gettext, dgettext, ngettext, dngettext, dcgettext, textdomain, bindtextdomain, bind_textdomain_codeset

dgettext

Name

dgettext -- perform lookup in message catalog for the current LC_MESSAGES locale

Synopsis

#include <libintl.h>

char * dgettext(const char * domainname, const char * msgid);

Description

dgettext() is a domain specified version of gettext().

Parameters

domainname

dgettext() applies domainname to the currently active LC_MESSAGE locale. This usage is equivalent in syntax and meaning to the textdomain() function's application of domainname, except that the selection of the domain in dgettext() is valid only for the duration of the call.

msgid

a NULL-terminated string to be matched in the catalogue with respect to a specific domain and the current locale.

Return Value

On success of a msgid query, the translated NULL-terminated string is returned. On error, the original msgid is returned. The length of the string returned is undetermined until dgettext() is called.

Errors

dgettext() will not modify the errno global variable.

See Also

gettext, dgettext, ngettext, dngettext, dcgettext, dcngettext, textdomain, bindtextdomain, bind_textdomain_codeset

dngettext

Name

dngettext -- perform lookup in message catalog for the current locale

Synopsis

#include <libintl.h>

char * dngettext(const char * domainname, const char * msgid1, const char * msgid2, unsigned long int n);

Description

dngettext() shall be equivalent to a call to

dcngettext(domainname, msgid1, msgid2, n, LC_MESSAGES)
See dgettext() for more information.

See Also

gettext, dgettext, ngettext, dcgettext, dcngettext, textdomain, bindtextdomain, bind_textdomain_codeset

duplocale

Name

duplocale -- provide new handle for selection of locale

Synopsis

#include <locale.h>

locale_t duplocale(locale_t locale);

Description

The duplocale() function shall provide a new locale object based on the locale object provided in locale, suitable for use in the newlocale() or uselocale() functions. The new object may be released by calling freelocale().

Return Value

On success, the duplocale() function shall return a locale object. Otherwise, it shall return NULL, and set errno to indicate the error.

Errors

The duplocale() function shall fail if:

ENOMEM

Insufficient memory.

See Also

setlocale(), freelocale(), newlocale(), uselocale()

err

Name

err -- display formatted error messages

Synopsis

#include <err.h>

void err(int eval, const char * fmt, ...);

Description

The err() function shall display a formatted error message on the standard error stream. First, err() shall write the last component of the program name, a colon character, and a space character. If fmt is non-NULL, it shall be used as a format string for the printf() family of functions, and err() shall write the formatted message, a colon character, and a space. Finally, the error message string affiliated with the current value of the global variable errno shall be written, followed by a newline character.

The err() function shall not return, the program shall terminate with the exit value of eval.

See Also

error(), errx()

Return Value

None.

Errors

None.

error

Name

error -- print error message

Synopsis

void error(int exitstatus, int errnum, const char * format, ...);

Description

error() shall print a message to standard error.

error() shall build the message from the following elements in their specified order:

  1. the program name. If the application has provided a function named error_print_progname(), error() shall call this to supply the program name; otherwise, error() uses the content of the global variable program_name.

  2. the colon and space characters, then the result of using the printf-style format and the optional arguments.

  3. if errnum is nonzero, error() shall add the colon and space characters, then the result of strerror(errnum).

  4. a newline.

If exitstatus is nonzero, error() shall call exit(exitstatus).

See Also

err(), errx()

errx

Name

errx -- display formatted error message and exit

Synopsis

#include <err.h>

void errx(int eval, const char * fmt, ...);

Description

The errx() function shall display a formatted error message on the standard error stream. The last component of the program name, a colon character, and a space shall be output. If fmt is non-NULL, it shall be used as the format string for the printf() family of functions, and the formatted error message, a colon character, and a space shall be output. The output shall be followed by a newline character.

errx() does not return, but shall exit with the value of eval.

Return Value

None.

Errors

None.

See Also

error(), err()

fcntl

Name

fcntl -- file control

Description

fcntl() is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

Implementation may set O_LARGEFILE

According to ISO POSIX (2003), only an application sets fcntl() flags, for example O_LARGEFILE. However, this specification also allows an implementation to set the O_LARGEFILE flag in the case where the programming environment is one of _POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG, _POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64, _POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG. See getconf and c99 in ISO POSIX (2003) for a description of these environments. Thus, calling fcntl() with the F_GETFL command may return O_LARGEFILE as well as flags explicitly set by the application in the case that both the implementation and the application support an off_t of at least 64 bits.

fflush_unlocked

Name

fflush_unlocked -- non thread safe fflush

Description

fflush_unlocked() is the same as fflush() except that it need not be thread safe. That is, it may only be invoked in the ways which are legal for getc_unlocked().

fgetwc_unlocked

Name

fgetwc_unlocked -- non thread safe fgetwc

Description

fgetwc_unlocked() is the same as fgetwc() except that it need not be thread safe. That is, it may only be invoked in the ways which are legal for getc_unlocked().

flock

Name

flock -- apply or remove an advisory lock on an open file

Synopsis

int flock(int fd, int operation);

Description

flock() applies or removes an advisory lock on the open file fd. Valid operation types are:

LOCK_SH

Shared lock. More than one process may hold a shared lock for a given file at a given time.

LOCK_EX

Exclusive lock. Only one process may hold an exclusive lock for a given file at a given time.

LOCK_UN

Unlock.

LOCK_NB

Don't block when locking. May be specified (by oring) along with one of the other operations.

A single file may not simultaneously have both shared and exclusive locks.

Return Value

On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.

Errors

EWOULDBLOCK

The file is locked and the LOCK_NB flag was selected.

freelocale

Name

freelocale -- free a locale object

Synopsis

#include <locale.h>

void freelocale(locale_t locale);

Description

The freelocale() function shall free the locale object locale, and release any resources associated with it.

Return Value

None.

Errors

None defined.

See Also

setlocale(), newlocale(), duplocale(), uselocale()

fscanf

Name

fscanf -- convert formatted input

Description

The scanf() family of functions shall behave as described in ISO POSIX (2003), except as noted below.

Differences

The %s, %S and %[ conversion specifiers shall accept an option length modifier a, which shall cause a memory buffer to be allocated to hold the string converted. In such a case, the argument corresponding to the conversion specifier should be a reference to a pointer value that will receive a pointer to the allocated buffer. If there is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer, the function may set errno to ENOMEM and a conversion error results.

Note: This directly conflicts with the ISO C (1999) usage of %a as a conversion specifier for hexadecimal float values. While this conversion specifier should be supported, a format specifier such as "%aseconds" will have a different meaning on an LSB conforming system.

fwscanf

Name

fwscanf -- convert formatted input

Description

The scanf() family of functions shall behave as described in ISO POSIX (2003), except as noted below.

Differences

The %s, %S and %[ conversion specifiers shall accept an option length modifier a, which shall cause a memory buffer to be allocated to hold the string converted. In such a case, the argument corresponding to the conversion specifier should be a reference to a pointer value that will receive a pointer to the allocated buffer. If there is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer, the function may set errno to ENOMEM and a conversion error results.

Note: This directly conflicts with the ISO C (1999) usage of %a as a conversion specifier for hexadecimal float values. While this conversion specifier should be supported, a format specifier such as "%aseconds" will have a different meaning on an LSB conforming system.

getgrouplist

Name

getgrouplist -- get network group entry

Synopsis

#include <grp.h>

int getgrouplist(const char * user, gid_t group, gid_t * groups, int * ngroups);

Description

The getgrouplist() function shall fill in the array groups with the supplementary groups for the user specified by user. On entry, ngroups shall refer to an integer containing the maximum number of gid_t members in the groups array. The group group shall also be included. On success, the value referred to by ngroups shall be updated to contain the number of gid_t objects copied.

Return Value

On success, if there was sufficient room to copy all the supplementatry group identifiers to the array identified by groups, getgrouplist() shall return the number of gid_t objects copied, and the value referenced by ngroups shall be updated. If there was not sufficient room to copy all the supplementary group identifiers, grouplist() shall return -1, and update the value referenced by ngroups to the number actually copied.

If user does not refer to a valid user on the system, getgrouplist() shall return 0, and set the value referenced by ngroups to 0.

Errors

None defined.

See Also

getgroups()

getloadavg

Name

getloadavg -- get system load averages

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>

int getloadavg(double loadavg[], int nelem);

Description

getloadavg() returns the number of processes in the system run queue averaged over various periods of time. Up to nelem samples are retrieved and assigned to successive elements of loadavg[]. The system imposes a maximum of 3 samples, representing averages over the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes, respectively.

getopt

Name

getopt -- parse command line options

Synopsis

#include <unistd.h>

int getopt(int argc, char * const argv[], const char * optstring);

extern char *optarg;
extern int optind, opterr, optopt;

Description

The getopt() function shall parse command line arguments as described in ISO POSIX (2003), with the following exceptions, where LSB and POSIX specifications vary. LSB systems shall implement the modified behaviors described below.

Argument Ordering

The getopt() function can process command line arguments referenced by argv in one of three ways:

PERMUTE

the order of arguments in argv is altered so that all options (and their arguments) are moved in front of all of the operands. This is the default behavior.

Note: This behavior has undefined results if argv is not modifiable. This is to support historic behavior predating the use of const and ISO C (1999). The function prototype was aligned with ISO POSIX (2003) despite the fact that it modifies argv, and the library maintainers are unwilling to change this.

REQUIRE_ORDER

The arguments in argv are processed in exactly the order given, and option processing stops when the first non-option argument is reached, or when the element of argv is "--". This ordering can be enforced either by setting the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT, or by setting the first character of optstring to '+'.

RETURN_IN_ORDER

The order of arguments is not altered, and all arguments are processed. Non-option arguments (operands) are handled as if they were the argument to an option with the value 1 ('\001'). This ordering is selected by setting the first character of optstring to '-';

Option Characteristics

LSB specifies that:

  • an element of argv that starts with "-" (and is not exactly "-" or "--") is an option element.

  • characters of an option element, aside from the initial "-", are option characters.

POSIX specifies that:

  • applications using getopt() shall obey the following syntax guidelines:

    • option name is a single alphanumeric character from the portable character set

    • option is preceded by the '-' delimiter character

    • options without option-arguments should be accepted when grouped behind one '-' delimiter

    • each option and option-argument is a separate argument

    • option-arguments are not optional

    • all options should precede operands on the command line

    • the argument "--" is accepted as a delimiter indicating the end of options and the consideration of subsequent arguments, if any, as operands

  • historical implementations of getopt() support other characters as options as an allowed extension, but applications that use extensions are not maximally portable.

  • support for multi-byte option characters is only possible when such characters can be represented as type int.

  • applications that call any utility with a first operand starting with '-' should usually specify "--" to mark the end of the options. Standard utilities that do not support this guideline indicate that fact in the OPTIONS section of the utility description.

Extensions

LSB specifies that:

  • if a character is followed by two colons, the option takes an optional argument; if there is text in the current argv element, it is returned in optarg, otherwise optarg is set to 0.

  • if optstring contains W followed by a semi-colon (;), then -W foo is treated as the long option --foo.

    Note: See getopt_long() for a description of long options.

  • The first character of optstring shall modify the behavior of getopt() as follows:

    • if the first character is '+', then REQUIRE_ORDER processing shall be in effect (see above)

    • if the first character is '-', then RETURN_IN_ORDER processing shall be in effect (see above)

    • if the first character is ':', then getopt() shall return ':' instead of '?' to indicate a missing option argument, and shall not print any diagnostic message to stderr.

POSIX specifies that:

  • the -W option is reserved for implementation extensions.

Return Values

LSB specifies the following additional getopt() return values:

  • '\001' is returned if RETURN_IN_ORDER argument ordering is in effect, and the next argument is an operand, not an option. The argument is available in optarg.

Any other return value has the same meaning as for POSIX.

POSIX specifies the following getopt() return values:

  • the next option character is returned, if found successfully.

  • ':' is returned if a parameter is missing for one of the options and the first character of optstring is ':'.

  • '?' is returned if an unknown option character not in optstring is encountered, or if getopt() detects a missing argument and the first character of optstring is not ':'.

  • -1 is returned for the end of the option list.

Environment Variables

LSB specifies that:

  • if the variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, option processing stops as soon as a non-option argument is encountered.

  • the variable _[PID]_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_ (where [PID] is the process ID for the current process), contains a space separated list of arguments that should not be treated as arguments even though they appear to be so.

    Rationale: This was used by bash 2.0 to communicate to GNU libc which arguments resulted from wildcard expansion and so should not be considered as options. This behavior was removed in bash version 2.01, but the support remains in GNU libc.

    This behavior is DEPRECATED in this version of the LSB; future revisions of this specification may not include this requirement.

getopt_long

Name

getopt_long -- parse command line options

Synopsis

#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <getopt.h>

int getopt_long(int argc, char * const argv[], const char * opstring, const struct option * longopts, int * longindex);

Description

getopt_long() works like getopt() except that it also accepts long options, started out by two dashes. Long option names may be abbreviated if the abbreviation is unique or is an exact match for some defined option. A long option may take a parameter, of the form --arg=param or --arg param.

longopts is a pointer to the first element of an array of struct option declared in getopt.h as:

  struct option {
             const char *name;
             int has_arg;
             int *flag;
             int val;
  };

The fields in this structure have the following meaning:

name

The name of the long option.

has_arg

One of:

no_argument (or 0) if the option does not take an argument,
required_argument (or 1) if the option requires an argument, or
optional_argument (or 2) if the option takes an optional argument.

flag

specifies how results are returned for a long option. If flag is NULL, then getopt_long() shall return val. (For example, the calling program may set val to the equivalent short option character.) Otherwise, getopt_long() returns 0, and flag shall point to a variable which shall be set to val if the option is found, but left unchanged if the option is not found.

val

The value to return, or to load into the variable pointed to by flag.

Return Value

getopt_long() returns the option character if a short option was found successfully, or ":" if there was a missing parameter for one of the options, or "?" for an unknown option character, or -1 for the end of the option list.

For a long option, getopt_long() returns val if flag is NULL, and 0 otherwise. Error and -1 returns are the same as for getopt(), plus "?" for an ambiguous match or an extraneous parameter.

getopt_long_only

Name

getopt_long_only -- parse command line options

Synopsis

#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <getopt.h>

int getopt_long_only(int argc, char * const argv[], const char * optstring, const struct option * longopts, int * longindex);

Description

getopt_long_only() is like getopt_long(), but "-" as well as "--" can indicate a long option. If an option that starts with "-" (not "--") doesn't match a long option, but does match a short option, it is parsed as a short option instead.

Note: The getopt_long_only() function is intended only for supporting certain programs whose command line syntax was designed before the Utility Syntax Guidelines of ISO POSIX (2003) were developed. New programs should generally call getopt_long() instead, which provides the --option syntax for long options, which is preferred by GNU and consistent with ISO POSIX (2003).

Return Value

getopt_long_only() returns the option character if the option was found successfully, or ":" if there was a missing parameter for one of the options, or "?" for an unknown option character, or -1 for the end of the option list.

getopt_long_only() also returns the option character when a short option is recognized. For a long option, they return val if flag is NULL, and 0 otherwise. Error and -1 returns are the same as for getopt(), plus "?" for an ambiguous match or an extraneous parameter.

getsockopt

Name

getsockopt -- get socket options

Synopsis

#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h>

int getsockopt(int socket, int level, int option_name, void * restrict option_value, socklen_t * restrict option_len);

Description

The getsockopt() function shall behave as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), with the following extensions.

IP Protocol Level Options

If the level parameter is IPPROTO_IP, the following values shall be supported for option_name (see RFC 791:Internet Protocol for further details):

IP_OPTIONS

Get the Internet Protocol options sent with every packet from this socket. The option_value shall point to a memory buffer in which the options shall be placed; on entry option_len shall point to an integer value indicating the maximum size of the memory buffer, in bytes. On successful return, the value referenced by option_len shall be updated to the size of data copied to the buffer. For IPv4, the maximum length of options is 40 bytes.

IP_TTL

Get the current unicast Internet Protocol Time To Live value used when sending packets with this socket. The option_value shall point to a buffer large enough to hold the time to live value (at least 1 byte), and option_len shall point to an integer value holding the maximum size of that buffer. On successful return, the value referenced by option_len shall be updated to contain the number of bytes copied into the buffer, which shall be no larger than the initial value, and option_value shall point to an integer containing the time to live value.

IP_TOS

Get the Internet Protocol type of service indicator used when sending packets with this socket. The option_value shall point to a buffer large enough to hold the type of service indicator (at least 1 byte), and option_len shall point to an integer value holding the maximum size of that buffer. On successful return, the value referenced by option_len shall be updated to contain the number of bytes copied into the buffer, which shall be no larger than the initial value, and option_value shall point to an integer containing the time to live value.

gettext

Name

gettext -- Search message catalogs for a string

Synopsis

#include <libintl.h>

char * gettext(const char * msgid);

Description

The gettext() function shall search the currently selected message catalogs for a string identified by the string msgid. If a string is located, that string shall be returned.

The gettext() function is equivalent to dcgettext(NULL, msgid, LC_MESSAGES).

Return Value

If a string is found in the currently selected message catalogs for msgid, then a pointer to that string shall be returned. Otherwise, a pointer to msgid shall be returned.

Applications shall not modify the string returned by gettext().

Errors

None.

The gettext() function shall not modify errno.

See Also

dgettext, ngettext, dngettext, dcgettext, dcngettext, textdomain, bindtextdomain, bind_textdomain_codeset

getutent

Name

getutent -- access user accounting database entries

Synopsis

#include <utmp.h>

struct utmp *getutent(void);

Description

The getutent() function shall read the next entry from the user accounting database.

Return Value

Upon successful completion, getutent() shall return a pointer to a utmp structure containing a copy of the requested entry in the user accounting database. Otherwise, a null pointer shall be returned. The return value may point to a static area which is overwritten by a subsequent call to getutent().

Errors

None defined.

getutent_r

Name

getutent_r -- access user accounting database entries

Synopsis

int getutent_r(struct utmp * buffer, struct utmp ** result);

Description

The getutent_r() function is a reentrant version of the getutent() function. On entry, buffer should point to a user supplied buffer to which the next entry in the database will be copied, and result should point to a location where the result will be stored.

Return Value

On success, getutent_r() shall return 0 and set the location referenced by result to a pointer to buffer. Otherwise, getutent_r() shall return -1 and set the location referenced by result to NULL.

glob64

Name

glob64 -- find pathnames matching a pattern (Large File Support)

Synopsis

#include <glob.h>

int glob64(const char * pattern, int flags, int (*errfunc) (const char *, int), glob64_t * pglob);

Description

The glob64() function is a large-file version of the glob() defined in ISO POSIX (2003). It shall search for pathnames matching pattern according to the rules used by the shell, /bin/sh. No tilde expansion or parameter substitution is done; see wordexp().

The results of a glob64() call are stored in the structure pointed to by pglob, which is a glob64_t declared in glob.h with the following members:

typedef struct
{
  size_t gl_pathc;
  char **gl_pathv;
  size_t gl_offs;
  int gl_flags;
  void (*gl_closedir) (void *);
  struct dirent64 *(*gl_readdir64) (void *);
  void *(*gl_opendir) (const char *);
  int (*gl_lstat) (const char *, struct stat *);
  int (*gl_stat) (const char *, struct stat *);
}
glob64_t;

Structure members with the same name as corresponding members of a glob_t as defined in ISO POSIX (2003) shall have the same purpose.

Other members are defined as follows:

gl_flags

reserved for internal use

gl_closedir

pointer to a function capable of closing a directory opened by gl_opendir

gl_readdir64

pointer to a function capable of reading entries in a large directory

gl_opendir

pointer to a function capable of opening a large directory

gl_stat

pointer to a function capable of returning file status for a large file

gl_lstat

pointer to a function capable of returning file status information for a large file or symbolic link

A large file or large directory is one with a size which cannot be represented by a variable of type off_t.

Return Value

On success, 0 is returned. Other possible returns are:

GLOB_NOSPACE

out of memory

GLOB_ABORTED

read error

GLOB_NOMATCH

no match found

globfree64

Name

globfree64 -- free memory from glob64() (Large File Support)

Synopsis

#include <glob.h>

void globfree64(glob64_t * pglob);

Description

globfree64() frees the dynamically allocated storage from an earlier call to glob64().

globfree64() is a 64-bit version of globfree().

initgroups

Name

initgroups -- initialize the supplementary group access list

Synopsis

#include <grp.h>
#include <sys/types.h>

int initgroups(const char * user, gid_t group);

Description

If the process has appropriate privilege, the initgroups() function shall initialize the Supplementary Group IDs for the current process by reading the group database and using all groups of which user is a member. The additional group group is also added to the list.

Return Value

On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.

Errors

EPERM

The calling process does not have sufficient privileges.

ENOMEM

Insufficient memory to allocate group information structure.

See Also

setgroups()

ioctl

Name

ioctl -- control device

Synopsis

#include <sys/ioctl.h>

int ioctl (int fildes , int request , ...);

Description

The ioctl() function shall manipulate the underlying device parameters of special files. fildes shall be an open file descriptor referring to a special file. The ioctl() function shall take three parameters; the type and value of the third parameter is dependent on the device and request.

Conforming LSB applications shall not call ioctl() except in situations explicitly stated in this specification.

Return Value

On success, 0 is returned. An ioctl() may use the return value as an output parameter and return a non-negative value on success. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.

Errors

EBADF

fildes is not a valid descriptor.

EFAULT

The third parameter references an inaccessible memory area.

ENOTTY

fildes is not associated with a character special device.

ENOTTY

The specified request does not apply to the kind of object that fildes references.

EINVAL

request or the third parameter is not valid.

Relationship to POSIX (Informative)

It should be noted that ISO POSIX (2003) contains an interface named ioctl(). The LSB only defines behavior when fildes refers to a socket (see sockio) or terminal device (see ttyio), while ISO POSIX (2003) only defines behavior when fildes refers to a STREAMS device. An implementation may support both behaviors; the LSB does not require any STREAMS support.

sockio

Name

sockio -- socket ioctl commands

Synopsis

#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <net/if.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>

int ioctl(int sockfd, int request, char * argp);

Description

Socket ioctl() commands are a subset of the ioctl() calls, which can perform a variety of functions on sockets. sockfd shall be an open file descriptor referring to a socket (see the socket() or accept() functions).

Socket ioctl() commands apply to the underlying network interfaces, and affect the entire system, not just the file descriptor used to issue the ioctl().

The following values for request are accepted:

SIOCGIFCONF (Deprecated)

Get the interface configuration list for the system.

Note: The SIOCGIFCONF interface is superceded by the if_nameindex() family of functions (see ISO POSIX (2003)). A future version of this specification may withdraw this value for request.

argp shall point to a ifconf structure, as described in <net/if.h>. Before calling, the caller shall set the ifc_ifcu.ifcu_req field to point to an array of ifreq structures, and set ifc_len to the size in bytes of this allocated array. Upon return, ifc_len will contain the size in bytes of the array which was actually used. If it is the same as the length upon calling, the caller should assume that the array was too small and try again with a larger array.

On success, SIOCGIFCONF shall return a nonnegative value.

Rationale: Historical UNIX systems disagree on the meaning of the return value.

SIOCGIFFLAGS

Get the interface flags for the indicated interface. argp shall point to a ifreq structure. Before calling, the caller should fill in the ifr_name field with the interface name, and upon return, the ifr_ifru.ifru_flags field is set with the interface flags.

SIOCGIFADDR

Get the interface address for the given interface. argp shall point to a ifreq structure. Before calling, the caller should fill in the ifr_name field with the interface name, and upon return, the ifr_ifru.ifru_addr field is set with the interface address.

SIOCGIFBRDADDR

Get the interface broadcast address for the given interface. argp shall point to a ifreq structure. Before calling, the caller should fill in the ifr_name field with the interface name, and upon return, the ifr_ifru.ifru_broadcast field is set with the interface broadcast address.

SIOCGIFNETMASK

Get the network mask for the given interface. argp shall point to a ifreq structure. Before calling, the caller should fill in the ifr_name field with the interface name, and upon return, the ifr_ifru.ifru_netmask field is set with the network mask.

SIOCGIFMTU

Get the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) size for the given interface. argp shall point to a ifreq structure. Before calling, the caller should fill in the ifr_name field with the interface name, and upon return, the ifr_ifru.ifru_mtu field is set with the MTU.

FIONREAD

Get the amount of queued unread data in the receive buffer. argp shall point to an integer where the result is to be placed.

Return Value

On success, if request is SIOCGIFCONF, a non-negative integer shall be returned. If request is not SIOCGIFCONF, on success 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.

Errors

EBADF

sockfd is not a valid descriptor.

EFAULT

argp references an inaccessible memory area.

ENOTTY

The specified request does not apply to the kind of object that the descriptor sockfd references.

EINVAL

Either request or argp is invalid.

ENOTCONN

The operation is only defined on a connected socket, but the socket wasn't connected.

ttyio

Name

ttyio -- tty ioctl commands

Synopsis

#include <fcntl.h>

int ioctl(int fd, unsigned long request, int * argp);

Description

Tty ioctl commands are a subset of the ioctl() calls, which can perform a variety of functions on tty devices. fd shall be an open file descriptor referring to a terminal device.

The following ioctl()s are provided:

TIOCGWINSZ

Get the size attributes of the tty. argp is a pointer to a winsize structure.

Return Value

On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.

Errors

EBADF

fd is not a valid descriptor.

EFAULT

argp references an inaccessible memory area.

EINVAL

request and argp are not valid.

kill

Name

kill -- send a signal

Synopsis

#include <signal.h>

int kill(pid_t pid, int sig);

Description

kill() is as specified in the ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

Process ID -1 doesn't affect calling process

If pid is specified as -1, sig shall not be sent to the calling process. Other than this, the rules in the ISO POSIX (2003) apply.

Rationale: This was a deliberate Linus decision after an unpopular experiment in including the calling process in the 2.5.1 kernel. See "What does it mean to signal everybody?", Linux Weekly News, 20 December 2001, http://lwn.net/2001/1220/kernel.php3

link

Name

link -- create a link to a file

Synopsis

#include <unistd.h>

int link(const char * path1, const char * path2);

Description

The link() function shall behave as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), except with differences as listed below.

Need Not Follow Symlinks

ISO POSIX (2003) specifies that pathname resolution shall follow symbolic links during pathname resolution unless the function is required to act on the symbolic link itself, or certain arguments direct that the function act on the symbolic link itself. The link() function in ISO POSIX (2003) contains no such requirement to operate on a symbolic link. However, a conforming LSB implementation need not follow a symbolic link for the path1 argument.

mbsnrtowcs

Name

mbsnrtowcs -- convert a multibyte string to a wide character string

Synopsis

#include <wchar.h>

size_t mbsnrtowcs(wchar_t * dest, const char * * src, size_t nms, size_t len, mbstate_t * ps);

Description

mbsnrtowcs() is like mbsrtowcs(), except that the number of bytes to be converted, starting at src, is limited to nms.

If dest is not a NULL pointer, mbsnrtowcs() converts at most nms bytes from the multibyte string src to a wide-character string starting at dest. At most, len wide characters are written to dest. The state ps is updated.

The conversion is effectively performed by repeatedly calling:

 
mbrtowc(dest, *src, n, ps)
where n is some positive number, as long as this call succeeds, and then incrementing dest by one and src by the number of bytes consumed.

The conversion can stop for three reasons:

  • An invalid multibyte sequence has been encountered. In this case src is left pointing to the invalid multibyte sequence, (size_t)(-1) is returned, and errno is set to EILSEQ.

  • The nms limit forces a stop, or len non-L'\0' wide characters have been stored at dest. In this case, src is left pointing to the next multibyte sequence to be converted, and the number of wide characters written to dest is returned.

  • The multibyte string has been completely converted, including the terminating '\0' (which has the side effect of bringing back ps to the initial state). In this case, src is set to NULL, and the number of wide characters written to dest, excluding the terminating L'\0' character, is returned.

If dest is NULL, len is ignored, and the conversion proceeds as above, except that the converted wide characters are not written out to memory, and that no destination length limit exists.

In both of the above cases, if ps is a NULL pointer, a static anonymous state only known to mbsnrtowcs() is used instead.

The programmer shall ensure that there is room for at least len wide characters at dest.

Return Value

mbsnrtowcs() returns the number of wide characters that make up the converted part of the wide character string, not including the terminating null wide character. If an invalid multibyte sequence was encountered, (size_t)(-1) is returned, and the global variable errno is set to EILSEQ.

Notes

The behavior of mbsnrtowcs() depends on the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale.

Passing NULL as ps is not multi-thread safe.

memmem

Name

memmem -- locate bytes

Synopsis

#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <string.h>

void * memmem(const void * haystack, size_t haystacklen, const void * needle, size_t needlelen);

Description

memmem() finds the start of the first occurrence of the byte array referenced by needle of length needlelen in the memory area haystack of length haystacklen.

Return Value

memmem() returns a pointer to the beginning of the byte array, or NULL if the byte array is not found.

Notes

Earlier versions of the C library (prior to glibc 2.1) contained a memmem() with various problems, and application developers should treat this function with care.

memrchr

Name

memrchr -- scan memory for a character

Synopsis

#include <string.h>

void * memrchr(const void * s, int c, size_t n);

Description

The memrchr() function shall locate the last occurence of c (converted to an unsigned char) in the initial n bytes (each interpreted as an unsigned char) of the object pointed to by s.

Return Value

The memrchr() shall return a pointer to the located byte, or a null pointer if the byte does not occur in the object.

Errors

No errors are defined.

See Also

memchr()

newlocale

Name

newlocale -- allocate a locale object

Synopsis

#include <locale.h>

locale_t newlocale(int category_mask, const char * locale, locale_t base);

Description

The newlocale() function shall initialize a locale object. If base is NULL, then newlocale() shall first allocate the object; otherwise it shall use the locale object referenced by base.

The object shall be initialized for the locale named by locale, and for the categories selected in category_mask. The category_mask value is a bitwise inclusive OR of the required LC_name_MASK values, or the value LC_ALL_MASK.

Return Value

On success, the newlocale() function shall return the initialized locale object. Otherwise, it shall return NULL, and set errno to indicate the error.

Errors

The newlocale() function shall fail if:

ENOMEM

Insufficient memory.

EINVAL

An invalid category_mask was provided, or the locale was NULL.

Application Usage (Informative)

The only portable way to allocate a locale object is to call newlocale() with a NULL base. The allocated object may be reinitialized to a new locale by passing it back to newlocale(). The new object may be released by calling freelocale().

See Also

setlocale(), freelocale(), duplocale(), uselocale()

ngettext

Name

ngettext -- Search message catalogs for plural string

Synopsis

#include <libintl.h>

char * ngettext(const char * msgid1, const char * msgid2, unsigned long int n);

Description

The ngettext() function shall search the currently selected message catalogs for a string matching the singular string msgid1. If a string is located, and if n is 1, that string shall be returned. If n is not 1, a pluralized version (dependant on n) of the string shall be returned.

The ngettext() function is equivalent to dcngettext(NULL, msgid1, msgid2, n, LC_MESSAGES)().

Return Value

If a string is found in the currently selected message catalogs for msgid1, then if n is 1 a pointer to the located string shall be returned. If n is not 1, a pointer to an appropriately pluralized version of the string shall be returned. If no message could be found in the currently selected mesage catalogs, then if n is 1, a pointer to msgid1 shall be returned, otherwise a pointer to msgid2 shall be returned.

Applications shall not modify the string returned by ngettext().

Errors

None.

The ngettext() function shall not modify errno.

See Also

gettext, dgettext, ngettext, dngettext, dcgettext, dcngettext, textdomain, bindtextdomain, bind_textdomain_codeset

pmap_getport

Name

pmap_getport -- Find the port number assigned to a service registered with a portmapper.

Synopsis

#include <pmap_clnt.h>

u_short * pmap_getport(struct sockaddr_in * address, const u_long program, const u_long * version, u_int protocol);

Description

The pmap_getport() function shall return the port number assigned to a service registered with a RPC Binding service running on a given target system, using the protocol described in RFC 1833: Binding Protocols for ONC RPC Version 2. The pmap_getport() function shall be called given the RPC program number program, the program version version, and transport protocol protocol. Conforming implementations shall support both IPPROTO_UDP and IPPROTO_TCP protocols. On entry, address shall specify the address of the system on which the portmapper to be contacted resides. The value of address->sin_port shall be ignored, and the standard value for the portmapper port shall always be used.

Note: Security and network restrictions may prevent a conforming application from contacting a remote RPC Binding Service.

Return Value

On success, the pmap_getport() function shall return the port number in host byte order of the RPC application registered with the remote portmapper. On failure, if either the program was not registered or the remote portmapper service could not be reached, the pmap_getport() function shall return 0. If the remote portmap service could not be reached, the status is left in the global variable rpc_createerr.

pmap_set

Name

pmap_set -- Establishes mapping to machine's RPC Bind service.

Synopsis

#include <rpc/pmap_clnt.h>

bool_t pmap_set(const u_long program, const u_long version, int protocol, u_short port);

Description

pmap_set() establishes a mapping between the triple [program,version,protocol] and port on the machine's RPC Bind service. The value of protocol is most likely IPPROTO_UDP or IPPROTO_TCP. Automatically done by svc_register().

Return Value

pmap_set() returns 1 if it suceeds, 0 otherwise.

pmap_unset

Name

pmap_unset --  Destroys RPC Binding

Synopsis


#include <rpc/rpc.h>

bool_t pmap_unset(u_long prognum, u_long versnum);

Description

As a user interface to the RPC Bind service, pmap_unset() destroys all mapping between the triple [prognum,versnum, *] and ports on the machine's RPC Bind service.

Return Value

pmap_unset() returns 1 if it succeeds, zero otherwise.

psignal

Name

psignal -- print signal message

Synopsis

#include <signal.h>

void psignal(int sig, const char * s);

extern const char *const sys_siglist[]

Description

The psignal() function shall display a message on the stderr stream. If s is not the null pointer, and does not point to an empty string (e.g. "\0"), the message shall consist of the string s, a colon, a space, and a string describing the signal number sig; otherwise psignal() shall display only a message describing the signal number sig. If sig is invalid, the message displayed shall indicate an unknown signal.

The array sys_siglist holds the signal description strings indexed by signal number.

Return Value

psignal() returns no value.

regexec

Name

regexec -- regular expression matching

Description

The regexec() function shall behave as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), except with differences as listed below.

Differences

Certain aspects of regular expression matching are optional; see Internationalization and Regular Expressions.

scanf

Name

scanf -- convert formatted input

Description

The scanf() family of functions shall behave as described in ISO POSIX (2003), except as noted below.

Differences

The %s, %S and %[ conversion specifiers shall accept an option length modifier a, which shall cause a memory buffer to be allocated to hold the string converted. In such a case, the argument corresponding to the conversion specifier should be a reference to a pointer value that will receive a pointer to the allocated buffer. If there is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer, the function may set errno to ENOMEM and a conversion error results.

Note: This directly conflicts with the ISO C (1999) usage of %a as a conversion specifier for hexadecimal float values. While this conversion specifier should be supported, a format specifier such as "%aseconds" will have a different meaning on an LSB conforming system.

setbuffer

Name

setbuffer -- stream buffering operation

Synopsis

#include <stdio.h>

void setbuffer(FILE * stream, char * buf, size_t size);

Description

setbuffer() is an alias for the call to setvbuf(). It works the same, except that the size of the buffer in setbuffer() is up to the caller, rather than being determined by the default BUFSIZ.

setgroups

Name

setgroups -- set list of supplementary group IDs

Synopsis

#include <grp.h>

int setgroups(size_t size, const gid_t * list);

Description

If the process has appropriate privilege, the setgroups() function shall set the supplementary group IDs for the current process. list shall reference an array of size group IDs. A process may have at most NGROUPS_MAX supplementary group IDs.

Return Value

On successful completion, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the errno is set to indicate the error.

Errors

EFAULT

list has an invalid address.

EPERM

The process does not have appropriate privileges.

EINVAL

size is greater than NGROUPS_MAX.

sethostname

Name

sethostname -- set host name

Synopsis

#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/param.h.h>
#include <sys/utsname.h>

int sethostname(const char * name, size_t len);

Description

If the process has appropriate privileges, the sethostname() function shall change the host name for the current macine. The name shall point to a null-terminated string of at most len bytes that holds the new hostname.

If the symbol HOST_NAME_MAX is defined, or if sysconf(_SC_HOST_NAME_MAX)() returns a value greater than 0, this value shall represent the maximum length of the new hostname. Otherwise, if the symbol MAXHOSTLEN is defined, this value shall represent the maximum length for the new hostname. If none of these values are defined, the maximum length shall be the size of the nodename field of the utsname structure.

Return Value

On success, 0 is returned. On error, -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set appropriately.

Errors

EINVAL

len is negative or larger than the maximum allowed size.

EPERM

the process did not have appropriate privilege.

EFAULT

name is an invalid address.

Rationale

ISO POSIX (2003) guarantees that:

Maximum length of a host name (not including the terminating null) as returned from the gethostname() function shall be at least 255 bytes.

The glibc C library does not currently define HOST_NAME_MAX, and although it provides the name _SC_HOST_NAME_MAX a call to sysconf() returns -1 and does not alter errno in this case (indicating that there is no restriction on the hostname length). However, the glibc manual idicates that some implementations may have MAXHOSTNAMELEN as a means of detecting the maximum length, while the Linux kernel at release 2.4 and 2.6 stores this hostname in the utsname structure. While the glibc manual suggests simply shortening the name until sethostname() succeeds, the LSB requires that one of the first four mechanisms works. Future versions of glibc may provide a more reasonable result from sysconf(_SC_HOST_NAME_MAX).

setsockopt

Name

setsockopt -- set socket options

Synopsis

#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h>

int setsockopt(int socket, int level, int option_name, const void * option_value, socklen_t option_len);

Description

The setsockopt() function shall behave as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), with the following extensions.

IP Protocol Level Options

If the level parameter is IPPROTO_IP, the following values shall be supported for option_name (see RFC 791:Internet Protocol for further details):

IP_OPTIONS

Set the Internet Protocol options sent with every packet from this socket. The option_value shall point to a memory buffer containing the options and option_len shall contain the size in bytes of that buffer. For IPv4, the maximum length of options is 40 bytes.

IP_TOS

Set the Type of Service flags to use when sending packets with this socket. The option_value shall point to a value containing the type of service value. The least significant two bits of the value shall contain the new Type of Service indicator. Use of other bits in the value is unspecified. The option_len parameter shall hold the size, in bytes, of the buffer referred to by option_value.

IP_TTL

Set the current unicast Internet Protocol Time To Live value used when sending packets with this socket. The option_value shall point to a value containing the time to live value, which shall be between 1 and 255. The option_len parameter shall hold the size, in bytes, of the buffer referred to by option_value.

setutent

Name

setutent -- access user accounting database entries

Synopsis

#include <utmp.h>

void setutent(void);

Description

The setutent() function shall reset the user accounting database such that the next call to getutent() shall be return the first record in the database. It is recommended to call it before any of the other functions that operate on the user accounting databases (e.g. getutent())

Return Value

None.

sigandset

Name

sigandset -- build a new signal set by combining the two input sets using logical AND

Synopsis

#include <signal.h>

int sigandset(sigset_t * set, const sigset_t * left, const sigset_t * right);

Description

The sigandset() shall combine the two signal sets referenced by left and right, using a logical AND operation, and shall place the result in the location referenced by set, The resulting signal set shall contain only signals that are in both the set referenced by left and the set referenced by right.

Return Value

On success, sigandset() shall return 0. Otherise, sigandset() shall return -1 and set errno to indicate the error.

Errors

EINVAL

One or more of set, left, or right was a null pointer.

See Also

sigorset()

sigisemptyset

Name

sigisemptyset -- check for empty signal set

Synopsis

#include <signal.h>

int sigisemptyset(const sigset_t * set);

Description

The sigisemptyset() function shall check for empty signal set referenced by set.

Return Value

The sigisemptyset() function shall return a positive non-zero value if the signal set referenced by set is empty, or zero if this set is empty. On error, sigisemptyset() shall return -1 and set errno to indicate the error.

Errors

EINVAL

set is a null pointer.

sigorset

Name

sigorset -- build a new signal set by combining the two input sets using logical OR

Synopsis

#include <signal.h>

int sigorset(sigset_t * set, const sigset_t * left, const sigset_t * right);

Description

The sigorset() shall combine the two signal sets referenced by left and right, using a logical OR operation, and shall place the result in the location referenced by set, The resulting signal set shall contain only signals that are in either the set referenced by left or the set referenced by right.

Return Value

On success, sigorset() shall return 0. Otherise, sigorset() shall return -1 and set errno to indicate the error.

Errors

EINVAL

One or more of set, left, or right was a null pointer.

See Also

sigorset()

sigreturn

Name

sigreturn -- return from signal handler and cleanup stack frame

Synopsis

int sigreturn(struct sigcontext * scp);

Description

The sigreturn() function is used by the system to cleanup after a signal handler has returned. This function is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

Return Value

sigreturn() never returns.

sscanf

Name

sscanf -- convert formatted input

Description

The scanf() family of functions shall behave as described in ISO POSIX (2003), except as noted below.

Differences

The %s, %S and %[ conversion specifiers shall accept an option length modifier a, which shall cause a memory buffer to be allocated to hold the string converted. In such a case, the argument corresponding to the conversion specifier should be a reference to a pointer value that will receive a pointer to the allocated buffer. If there is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer, the function may set errno to ENOMEM and a conversion error results.

Note: This directly conflicts with the ISO C (1999) usage of %a as a conversion specifier for hexadecimal float values. While this conversion specifier should be supported, a format specifier such as "%aseconds" will have a different meaning on an LSB conforming system.

stime

Name

stime -- set time

Synopsis

#define _SVID_SOURCE
#include <time.h>

int stime(const time_t * t);

Description

If the process has appropriate privilege, the stime() function shall set the system's idea of the time and date. Time, referenced by t, is measured in seconds from the epoch (defined in ISO POSIX (2003) as 00:00:00 UTC January 1, 1970).

Return Value

On success, stime() shall return 0. Otherwise, stime() shall return -1 and errno shall be set to indicate the error.

Errors

EPERM

The process does not have appropriate privilege.

EINVAL

t is a null pointer.

stpcpy

Name

stpcpy -- copy a string returning a pointer to its end

Synopsis

#include <string.h>

char * stpcpy(char * restrict dest, const char * restrict src);

Description

The stpcpy() function shall copy the string pointed to by src (including the terminating '\0' character) to the array pointed to by dest. The strings may not overlap, and the destination string dest shall be large enough to receive the copy.

Return Value

stpcpy() returns a pointer to the end of the string dest (that is, the address of the terminating '\0' character) rather than the beginning.

Example

This program uses stpcpy() to concatenate foo and bar to produce foobar, which it then prints.

  #include <string.h>

  int
  main (void)
  {
    char buffer[256];
    char *to = buffer;
    to = stpcpy (to, "foo");
    to = stpcpy (to, "bar");
    printf ("%s\n", buffer);
  }

stpncpy

Name

stpncpy -- copy a fixed-size string, returning a pointer to its end

Synopsis

#include <string.h>

char * stpncpy(char * restrict dest, const char * restrict src, size_t n);

Description

The stpncpy() function shall copy at most n characters from the string pointed to by src, including the terminating \0 character, to the array pointed to by dest. Exactly n characters are written at dest. If the length strlen()(src) is smaller than n, the remaining characters in dest are filled with \0 characters. If the length strlen()(src) is greater than or equal to n, dest will not be \0 terminated.

The strings may not overlap.

The programmer shall ensure that there is room for at least n characters at dest.

Return Value

The stpncpy() function shall return a pointer to the terminating NULL in dest, or, if dest is not NULL-terminated, dest + n.

strcasestr

Name

strcasestr -- locate a substring ignoring case

Synopsis

#include <string.h>

char * strcasestr(const char * s1, const char * s2);

Description

The strcasestr() shall behave as strstr(), except that it shall ignore the case of both strings. The strcasestr() function shall be locale aware; that is strcasestr() shall behave as if both strings had been converted to lower case in the current locale before the comparison is performed.

Return Value

Upon successful completion, strcasestr() shall return a pointer to the located string or a null pointer if the string is not found. If s2 points to a string with zero length, the function shall return s1.

strerror_r

Name

strerror_r -- reentrant version of strerror

Synopsis

#include <string.h>

char * strerror_r(int errnum, char * buf, size_t buflen);

Description

The strerror_r() shall behave as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), except as described below.

Returns String, not Error Value

The strerror_r() function shall return a pointer to the string corresponding to errno. The returned pointer may point within the buffer buf (at most buflen bytes).

Return Value

On success, strerror_r() shall return a pointer to the generated message string (determined by the setting of the LC_MESSAGES category in the current locale). Otherwise, strerror_r() shall return the string corresponding to "Unknown error".

strndup

Name

strndup -- return a malloc'd copy of at most the specified number of bytes of a string

Synopsis

#include <string.h>

char * strndup(const char * string, size_t n);

Description

The strndup() function shall return a malloc()'d copy of at most n bytes of string. The resultant string shall be terminated even if no NULL terminator appears before string+n.

Return Value

On success, strndup() shall return a pointer to a newly allocated block of memory containing a copy of at most n bytes of string. Otherwise, strndup() shall return NULL and set errno to indicate the error.

Errors

ENOMEM

Insufficient memory available.

strnlen

Name

strnlen -- determine the length of a fixed-size string

Synopsis

#include <string.h>

size_t strnlen(const char * s, size_t maxlen);

Description

strnlen() returns the number of characters in the string s, not including the terminating \0 character, but at most maxlen. In doing this, strnlen() looks only at the first maxlen characters at s and never beyond s + maxlen.

Return Value

strnlen() returns strlen(s), if that is less than maxlen, or maxlen if there is no \0 character among the first maxlen characters pointed to by s.

strptime

Name

strptime -- parse a time string

Description

The strptime() shall behave as specified in the ISO POSIX (2003) with differences as listed below.

Number of leading zeroes may be limited

The ISO POSIX (2003) specifies fields for which "leading zeros are permitted but not required"; however, applications shall not expect to be able to supply more leading zeroes for these fields than would be implied by the range of the field. Implementations may choose to either match an input with excess leading zeroes, or treat this as a non-matching input. For example, %j has a range of 001 to 366, so 0, 00, 000, 001, and 045 are acceptable inputs, but inputs such as 0000, 0366 and the like are not.

Rationale

glibc developers consider it appropriate behavior to forbid excess leading zeroes. When trying to parse a given input against several format strings, forbidding excess leading zeroes could be helpful. For example, if one matches 0011-12-26 against %m-%d-%Y and then against %Y-%m-%d, it seems useful for the first match to fail, as it would be perverse to parse that date as November 12, year 26. The second pattern parses it as December 26, year 11.

The ISO POSIX (2003) is not explicit that an unlimited number of leading zeroes are required, although it may imply this. The LSB explicitly allows implementations to have either behavior. Future versions of this standard may require implementations to forbid excess leading zeroes.

An Interpretation Request is currently pending against ISO POSIX (2003) for this matter.

strsep

Name

strsep -- extract token from string

Synopsis

#include <string.h>

char * strsep(char * * stringp, const char * delim);

Description

The strsep() function shall find the first token in the string referenced by the pointer stringp, using the characters in delim as delimiters.

If stringp is NULL, strsep() shall return NULL and do nothing else.

If stringp is non-NULL, strsep() shall find the first token in the string referenced by stringp, where tokens are delimited by characters in the string delim. This token shall be terminated with a \0 character by overwriting the delimiter, and stringp shall be updated to point past the token. In case no delimiter was found, the token is taken to be the entire string referenced by stringp, and the location referenced by stringp is made NULL.

Return Value

strsep() shall return a pointer to the beginning of the token.

Notes

The strsep() function was introduced as a replacement for strtok(), since the latter cannot handle empty fields. However, strtok() conforms to ISO C (1999) and to ISO POSIX (2003) and hence is more portable.

See Also

strtok(), strtok_r().

strsignal

Name

strsignal -- return string describing signal

Synopsis

#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <string.h>

char * strsignal(int sig);

extern const char * const sys_siglist[];

Description

The strsignal() function shall return a pointer to a string describing the signal number sig. The string can only be used until the next call to strsignal().

The array sys_siglist holds the signal description strings indexed by signal number. This array should not be accessed directly by applications.

Return Value

If sig is a valid signal number, strsignal() shall return a pointer to the appropriate description string. Otherwise, strsignal() shall return either a pointer to the string "unknown signal", or a null pointer.

Although the function is not declared as returning a pointer to a constant character string, applications shall not modify the returned string.

strtoq

Name

strtoq -- convert string value to a long or quad_t integer

Synopsis

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <limits.h>

long long strtoq(const char * nptr, char * * endptr, int base);

Description

strtoq() converts the string nptr to a quadt value. The conversion is done according to the given base, which shall be between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0.

nptr may begin with an arbitrary amount of white space (as determined by isspace()(3)), followed by a single optional + or - sign character. If base is 0 or 16, the string may then include a 0x prefix, and the number will be read in base 16; otherwise, a 0 base is taken as 10 (decimal), unless the next character is 0, in which case it is taken as 8 (octal).

The remainder of the string is converted to a long value in the obvious manner, stopping at the first character which is not a valid digit in the given base. (In bases above 10, the letter A in either upper or lower case represents 10, B represents 11, and so forth, with Z representing 35.)

Return Value

strtoq() returns the result of the conversion, unless the value would underflow or overflow. If an underflow occurs, strtoq() returns QUAD_MIN. If an overflow occurs, strtoq() returns QUAD_MAX. In both cases, the global variable errno is set to ERANGE.

Errors

ERANGE

The given string was out of range; the value converted has been clamped.

strtouq

Name

strtouq -- convert a string to an unsigned long long

Synopsis

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <limits.h>

unsigned long long strtouq(const char * nptr, char * * endptr, int base);

Description

strtouq() converts the string nptr to an unsigned long long value. The conversion is done according to the given base, which shall be between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0.

nptr may begin with an arbitrary amount of white space (as determined by isspace()(3)), followed by a single optional + or - sign character. If base is 0 or 16, the string may then include a 0x prefix, and the number will be read in base 16; otherwise, a 0 base is taken as 10 (decimal), unless the next character is 0, in which case it is taken as 8 (octal).

The remainder of the string is converted to an unsigned long value in the obvious manner, stopping at the end of the string or at the first character that does not produce a valid digit in the given base. (In bases above 10, the letter A in either upper or lower case represents 10, B represents 11, and so forth, with Z representing 35.)

Return Value

On success, strtouq() returns either the result of the conversion or, if there was a leading minus sign, the negation of the result of the conversion, unless the original (non-negated) value would overflow. In the case of an overflow the function returns UQUAD_MAX and the global variable errno is set to ERANGE.

Errors

ERANGE

The given string was out of range; the value converted has been clamped.

svc_register

Name

svc_register -- Register Remote Procedure Call Interface

Synopsis

#include <rpc/rpc.h>

bool_t svc_register(SVCXPRT * xprt, rpcprog_t prognum, rpcvers_t versnum, __dispatch_fn_t dispatch, rpcprot_t protocol);

Description

The svc_register() function shall associate the program identified by prognum at version versnum with the service dispatch procedure, dispatch. If protocol is zero, the service is not registered with the portmap service. If protocol is non-zero, then a mapping of the triple [prognum, versnum, protocol] to xprt->xp_port is established with the local portmap service. The procedure dispatch has the following form:

int dispatch(struct svc_req * request, SVCXPRT * xprt);

Return Value

svc_register() returns 1 if it succeeds, and zero otherwise.

svc_run

Name

svc_run -- Waits for RPC requests to arrive and calls service procedure.

Synopsis

#include <rpc/svc.h>

void svc_run(void);

Description

The svc_run() function shall wait for RPC requests to arrive, read and unpack each request, and dispatch it to the appropriate registered handler. Under normal conditions, svc_run() shall not return; it shall only return if serious errors occur that prevent further processing.

svc_sendreply

Name

svc_sendreply -- called by RPC service's dispatch routine

Synopsis

bool_t svc_sendreply(SVCXPRT *xprt, xdrproc_t outproc, caddr_t out);

Description

Called by an RPC service's dispatch routine to send the results of a remote procedure call. The parameter xprt is the request's associated transport handle; outproc is the XDR routine which is used to encode the results; and out is the address of the results. This routine returns one if it succeeds, zero other-wise.

svctcp_create

Name

svctcp_create -- Creates a TCP/IP-based RPC service transport.

Synopsis

#include <rpc/rpc.h>

SVCXPRT * svctcp_create(int sock, u_int send_buf_size, u_int recv_buf_size);

Description

svctcp_create() cretes a TCP/IP-based RPC service transport, to which it returns a pointer. The transport is associated with the socket sock, which may be RPC_ANYSOCK, in which case a new socket is created. If the socket is not bound to a local TCP port, then this routine binds it to an arbitrary port. Upon completion, xprt->xp_sock is the transport's socket descriptor, and xprt->xp_port is the transport's port number. Since TCP-based RPC uses buffered I/O, users may specify the size of buffers; values of zero choose suitable defaults.

Return Value

svctcp_create() returns NULL if it fails, or a pointer to the RPC service transport otherwise.

svcudp_create

Name

svcudp_create --  Creates a UDP-based RPC service transport.

Synopsis

SVCXPRT *

svcudp_create(int sock);

Description

This call is equivalent to svcudp_bufcreate( sock, SZ, SZ) for some default size SZ.

swscanf

Name

swscanf -- convert formatted input

Description

The scanf() family of functions shall behave as described in ISO POSIX (2003), except as noted below.

Differences

The %s, %S and %[ conversion specifiers shall accept an option length modifier a, which shall cause a memory buffer to be allocated to hold the string converted. In such a case, the argument corresponding to the conversion specifier should be a reference to a pointer value that will receive a pointer to the allocated buffer. If there is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer, the function may set errno to ENOMEM and a conversion error results.

Note: This directly conflicts with the ISO C (1999) usage of %a as a conversion specifier for hexadecimal float values. While this conversion specifier should be supported, a format specifier such as "%aseconds" will have a different meaning on an LSB conforming system.

system

Name

system -- execute a shell command

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>

int system(const char * string);

Description

The system() function shall behave as described in ISO POSIX (2003).

Notes

The fact that system() ignores interrupts is often not what a program wants. ISO POSIX (2003) describes some of the consequences; an additional consequence is that a program calling system() from a loop cannot be reliably interrupted. Many programs will want to use the exec() family of functions instead.

Do not use system() from a program with suid or sgid privileges, because unexpected values for some environment variables might be used to subvert system integrity. Use the exec() family of functions instead, but not execlp() or execvp(). system() will not, in fact, work properly from programs with suid or sgid privileges on systems on which /bin/sh is bash version 2, since bash 2 drops privileges on startup. (Debian uses a modified bash which does not do this when invoked as sh.)

The check for the availability of /bin/sh is not actually performed; it is always assumed to be available. ISO C (1999) specifies the check, but ISO POSIX (2003) specifies that the return shall always be nonzero, since a system without the shell is not conforming, and it is this that is implemented.

It is possible for the shell command to return 127, so that code is not a sure indication that the execve() call failed; check the global variable errno to make sure.

textdomain

Name

textdomain -- set the current default message domain

Synopsis

#include <libintl.h>

char * textdomain(const char * domainname);

Description

The textdomain() function shall set the current default message domain to domainname. Subsequent calls to gettext() and ngettext() use the default message domain.

If domainname is NULL, the default message domain shall not be altered.

If domainname is "", textdomain() shall reset the default domain to the system default of "messages".

Return

On success, textdomain() shall return the currently selected domain. Otherwise, a null pointer shall be returned, and errno set to indicate the error.

Errors

ENOMEM

Insufficent memory available.

unlink

Name

unlink -- remove a directory entry

Synopsis

int unlink(const char * path);

Description

unlink() is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

See also Additional behaviors: unlink/link on directory.

May return EISDIR on directories

If path specifies a directory, the implementation may return EISDIR instead of EPERM as specified by ISO POSIX (2003).

Rationale: The Linux kernel has deliberately chosen EISDIR for this case and does not expect to change (Al Viro, personal communication).

uselocale

Name

uselocale -- Set locale for thread

Synopsis

#include <locale.h>

locale_t uselocale(locale_t newloc);

Description

The uselocale() function shall set the locale for the calling thread to the locale specified by newloc.

If newloc is the value LC_GLOBAL_LOCALE, the thread's locale shall be set to the process current global locale, as set by setlocale(). If newloc is NULL, the thread's locale is not altered.

Return Value

The uselocale() function shall return the previous locale, or LC_GLOBAL_LOCALE if the thread local locale has not been previously set.

Errors

None defined.

See Also

setlocale(), freelocale(), duplocale(), newlocale()

utmpname

Name

utmpname -- set user accounting database

Synopsis

#include <utmp.h>

int utmpname(const char * dbname);

Description

The utmpname() function shall cause the user accounting database used by the getutent(), getutent_r(), getutxent(), getutxid(), getutxline(), and pututxline() functions to be that named by dbname, instead of the system default database. See Section 4.2 for further information.

Note: The LSB does not specify the format of the user accounting database, nor the names of the file or files that may contain it.

Return Value

None.

Errors

None defined.

vasprintf

Name

vasprintf -- write formatted output to a dynamically allocated string

Synopsis

#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int vasprintf(char * * restrict ptr, const char * restrict format, va_list arg);

Description

The vasprintf() function shall write formatted output to a dynamically allocated string, and store the address of that string in the location referenced by ptr. It shall behave as asprintf(), except that instead of being called with a variable number of arguments, it is called with an argument list as defined by <stdarg.h>.

Return Value

Refer to fprintf().

Errors

Refer to fprintf().

vdprintf

Name

vdprintf -- write formatted output to a file descriptor

Synopsis

#include <stdio.h>

int vdprintf(int fd, const char * restrict format, va_list arg);

Description

The vdprintf() shall behave as vfprintf(), except that the first argument is a file descriptor rather than a STDIO stream.

Return Value

Refer to fprintf().

Errors

Refer to fprintf().

verrx

Name

verrx -- display formatted error message and exit

Synopsis

#include <stdarg.h>
#include <err.h>

void verrx(int eval, const char * fmt, va_list args);

Description

The verrx() shall behave as errx() except that instead of being called with a variable number of arguments, it is called with an argument list as defined by <stdarg.h>.

verrx() does not return, but exits with the value of eval.

Return Value

None.

Errors

None.

vfscanf

Name

vfscanf -- convert formatted input

Description

The scanf() family of functions shall behave as described in ISO POSIX (2003), except as noted below.

Differences

The %s, %S and %[ conversion specifiers shall accept an option length modifier a, which shall cause a memory buffer to be allocated to hold the string converted. In such a case, the argument corresponding to the conversion specifier should be a reference to a pointer value that will receive a pointer to the allocated buffer. If there is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer, the function may set errno to ENOMEM and a conversion error results.

Note: This directly conflicts with the ISO C (1999) usage of %a as a conversion specifier for hexadecimal float values. While this conversion specifier should be supported, a format specifier such as "%aseconds" will have a different meaning on an LSB conforming system.

vfwscanf

Name

vfwscanf -- convert formatted input

Description

The scanf() family of functions shall behave as described in ISO POSIX (2003), except as noted below.

Differences

The %s, %S and %[ conversion specifiers shall accept an option length modifier a, which shall cause a memory buffer to be allocated to hold the string converted. In such a case, the argument corresponding to the conversion specifier should be a reference to a pointer value that will receive a pointer to the allocated buffer. If there is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer, the function may set errno to ENOMEM and a conversion error results.

Note: This directly conflicts with the ISO C (1999) usage of %a as a conversion specifier for hexadecimal float values. While this conversion specifier should be supported, a format specifier such as "%aseconds" will have a different meaning on an LSB conforming system.

vscanf

Name

vscanf -- convert formatted input

Description

The scanf() family of functions shall behave as described in ISO POSIX (2003), except as noted below.

Differences

The %s, %S and %[ conversion specifiers shall accept an option length modifier a, which shall cause a memory buffer to be allocated to hold the string converted. In such a case, the argument corresponding to the conversion specifier should be a reference to a pointer value that will receive a pointer to the allocated buffer. If there is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer, the function may set errno to ENOMEM and a conversion error results.

Note: This directly conflicts with the ISO C (1999) usage of %a as a conversion specifier for hexadecimal float values. While this conversion specifier should be supported, a format specifier such as "%aseconds" will have a different meaning on an LSB conforming system.

vsscanf

Name

vsscanf -- convert formatted input

Description

The scanf() family of functions shall behave as described in ISO POSIX (2003), except as noted below.

Differences

The %s, %S and %[ conversion specifiers shall accept an option length modifier a, which shall cause a memory buffer to be allocated to hold the string converted. In such a case, the argument corresponding to the conversion specifier should be a reference to a pointer value that will receive a pointer to the allocated buffer. If there is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer, the function may set errno to ENOMEM and a conversion error results.

Note: This directly conflicts with the ISO C (1999) usage of %a as a conversion specifier for hexadecimal float values. While this conversion specifier should be supported, a format specifier such as "%aseconds" will have a different meaning on an LSB conforming system.

vswscanf

Name

vswscanf -- convert formatted input

Description

The scanf() family of functions shall behave as described in ISO POSIX (2003), except as noted below.

Differences

The %s, %S and %[ conversion specifiers shall accept an option length modifier a, which shall cause a memory buffer to be allocated to hold the string converted. In such a case, the argument corresponding to the conversion specifier should be a reference to a pointer value that will receive a pointer to the allocated buffer. If there is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer, the function may set errno to ENOMEM and a conversion error results.

Note: This directly conflicts with the ISO C (1999) usage of %a as a conversion specifier for hexadecimal float values. While this conversion specifier should be supported, a format specifier such as "%aseconds" will have a different meaning on an LSB conforming system.

vsyslog

Name

vsyslog -- log to system log

Synopsis

#include <stdarg.h>
#include <syslog.h>

void vsyslog(int priority, char * message, va_list arglist);

Description

The vsyslog() function is identical to syslog() as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), except that arglist (as defined by stdarg.h) replaces the variable number of arguments.

vwscanf

Name

vwscanf -- convert formatted input

Description

The scanf() family of functions shall behave as described in ISO POSIX (2003), except as noted below.

Differences

The %s, %S and %[ conversion specifiers shall accept an option length modifier a, which shall cause a memory buffer to be allocated to hold the string converted. In such a case, the argument corresponding to the conversion specifier should be a reference to a pointer value that will receive a pointer to the allocated buffer. If there is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer, the function may set errno to ENOMEM and a conversion error results.

Note: This directly conflicts with the ISO C (1999) usage of %a as a conversion specifier for hexadecimal float values. While this conversion specifier should be supported, a format specifier such as "%aseconds" will have a different meaning on an LSB conforming system.

wait4

Name

wait4 -- wait for process termination, BSD style

Synopsis

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>

pid_t wait4(pid_t pid, int * status, int options, struct rusage * rusage);

Description

wait4() suspends execution of the current process until a child (as specified by pid) has exited, or until a signal is delivered whose action is to terminate the current process or to call a signal handling function. If a child (as requested by pid) has already exited by the time of the call (a so-called "zombie" process), the function returns immediately. Any system resources used by the child are freed.

The value of pid can be one of:

< -1

wait for any child process whose process group ID is equal to the absolute value of pid.

-1

wait for any child process; this is equivalent to calling wait3().

0

wait for any child process whose process group ID is equal to that of the calling process.

> 0

wait for the child whose process ID is equal to the value of pid.

The value of options is a bitwise or of zero or more of the following constants:

WNOHANG

return immediately if no child is there to be waited for.

WUNTRACED

return for children that are stopped, and whose status has not been reported.

If status is not NULL, wait4() stores status information in the location status. This status can be evaluated with the following macros:

Note: These macros take the status value (an int) as an argument -- not a pointer to the value!

WIFEXITED(status)

is nonzero if the child exited normally.

WEXITSTATUS(status)

evaluates to the least significant eight bits of the return code of the child that terminated, which may have been set as the argument to a call to exit() or as the argument for a return statement in the main program. This macro can only be evaluated if WIFEXITED() returned nonzero.

WIFSIGNALED(status)

returns true if the child process exited because of a signal that was not caught.

WTERMSIG(status)

returns the number of the signal that caused the child process to terminate. This macro can only be evaluated if WIFSIGNALED() returned nonzero.

WIFSTOPPED(status)

returns true if the child process that caused the return is currently stopped; this is only possible if the call was done using WUNTRACED().

WSTOPSIG(status)

returns the number of the signal that caused the child to stop. This macro can only be evaluated if WIFSTOPPED() returned nonzero.

If rusage is not NULL, the struct rusage (as defined in sys/resource.h) that it points to will be filled with accounting information. (See getrusage()(2) for details.

Return Value

On success, the process ID of the child that exited is returned. On error, -1 is returned (in particular, when no unwaited-for child processes of the specified kind exist), or 0 if WNOHANG() was used and no child was available yet. In the latter two cases, the global variable errno is set appropriately.

Errors

ECHILD

No unwaited-for child process as specified does exist.

ERESTARTSYS

A WNOHANG() was not set and an unblocked signal or a SIGCHILD was caught. This error is returned by the system call. The library interface is not allowed to return ERESTARTSYS, but will return EINTR.

waitpid

Name

waitpid -- wait for child process

Description

waitpid() is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

Need not support WCONTINUED or WIFCONTINUED

Implementations need not support the XSI optional functionality of WCONTINUED() or WIFCONTINUED().

warn

Name

warn -- formatted error messages

Synopsis

#include <err.h>

void warn(const char * fmt, ...);

Description

The warn() function shall display a formatted error message on the standard error stream. The output shall consist of the last component of the program name, a colon character, and a space character. If fmt is non-NULL, it shall be used as a format string for the printf() family of functions, and the formatted message, a colon character, and a space are written to stderr. Finally, the error message string affiliated with the current value of the global variable errno shall be written to stderr, followed by a newline character.

Return Value

None.

Errors

None.

warnx

Name

warnx -- formatted error messages

Synopsis

#include <err.h>

void warnx(const char * fmt, ...);

Description

The warnx() function shall display a formatted error message on the standard error stream. The last component of the program name, a colon character, and a space shall be output. If fmt is non-NULL, it shall be used as the format string for the printf() family of functions, and the formatted error message, a colon character, and a space shall be output. The output shall be followed by a newline character.

Return Value

None.

Errors

None.

wcpcpy

Name

wcpcpy -- copy a wide character string, returning a pointer to its end

Synopsis

#include <wchar.h>

wchar_t * wcpcpy(wchar_t * dest, const wchar_t * src);

Description

wcpcpy() is the wide-character equivalent of stpcpy(). It copies the wide character string src, including the terminating L'\0' character, to the array dest.

The strings may not overlap.

The programmer shall ensure that there is room for at least wcslen()(src)+1 wide characters at dest.

Return Value

wcpcpy() returns a pointer to the end of the wide-character string dest, that is, a pointer to the terminating L'\0' character.

wcpncpy

Name

wcpncpy -- copy a fixed-size string of wide characters, returning a pointer to its end

Synopsis

#include <wchar.h>

wchar_t * wcpncpy(wchar_t * dest, const wchar_t * src, size_t n);

Description

wcpncpy() is the wide-character equivalent of stpncpy(). It copies at most n wide characters from the wide-character string src, including the terminating L'\0' character, to the array dest. Exactly n wide characters are written at dest. If the length wcslen()(src) is smaller than n, the remaining wide characters in the array dest are filled with L'\0' characters. If the length wcslen()(src) is greater than or equal to n, the string dest will not be L'\0' terminated.

The strings may not overlap.

The programmer shall ensure that there is room for at least n wide characters at dest.

Return Value

wcpncpy() returns a pointer to the wide character one past the last non-null wide character written.

wcscasecmp

Name

wcscasecmp -- compare two wide-character strings, ignoring case

Synopsis

#include <wchar.h>

int wcscasecmp(const wchar_t * s1, const wchar_t * s2);

Description

wcscasecmp() is the wide-character equivalent of strcasecmp(). It compares the wide-character string s1 and the wide-character string s2, ignoring case differences (towupper, towlower).

Return Value

wcscasecmp() returns 0 if the wide-character strings s1 and s2 are equal except for case distinctions. It returns a positive integer if s1 is greater than s2, ignoring case. It returns a negative integer if s1 is smaller than s2, ignoring case.

Notes

The behavior of wcscasecmp() depends upon the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale.

wcsdup

Name

wcsdup -- duplicate a wide-character string

Synopsis

#include <wchar.h>

wchar_t * wcsdup(const wchar_t * s);

Description

wcsdup() is the wide-character equivalent of strdup(). It allocates and returns a new wide-character string whose initial contents is a duplicate of the wide-character string s.

Memory for the new wide-character string is obtained with malloc(), and can be freed with free().

Return Value

wcsdup() returns a pointer to the new wide-character string, or NULL if sufficient memory was not available.

wcsncasecmp

Name

wcsncasecmp -- compare two fixed-size wide-character strings, ignoring case

Synopsis

#include <wchar.h>

int wcsncasecmp(const wchar_t * s1, const wchar_t * s2, size_t n);

Description

wcsncasecmp() is the wide-character equivalent of strncasecmp(). It compares the wide-character string s1 and the wide-character string s2, but at most n wide characters from each string, ignoring case differences (towupper, towlower).

Return Value

wcscasecmp() returns 0 if the wide-character strings s1 and s2, truncated to at most length n, are equal except for case distinctions. It returns a positive integer if truncated s1 is greater than truncated s2, ignoring case. It returns a negative integer if truncated s1 is smaller than truncated s2, ignoring case.

Notes

The behavior of wcsncasecmp() depends upon the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale.

wcsnlen

Name

wcsnlen -- determine the length of a fixed-size wide-character string

Synopsis

#include <wchar.h>

size_t wcsnlen(const wchar_t * s, size_t maxlen);

Description

wcsnlen() is the wide-character equivalent of strnlen(). It returns the number of wide-characters in the string s, not including the terminating L'\0' character, but at most maxlen. In doing this, wcsnlen() looks only at the first maxlen wide-characters at s and never beyond s + maxlen.

Return Value

wcsnlen() returns wcslen()(s) if that is less than maxlen, or maxlen if there is no L'\0' character among the first maxlen wide characters pointed to by s.

Notes

The behavior of wcsncasecmp() depends on the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale.

wcsnrtombs

Name

wcsnrtombs -- convert a wide character string to a multi-byte string

Synopsis

#include <wchar.h>

size_t wcsnrtombs(char * dest, const wchar_t * * src, size_t nwc, size_t len, mbstate_t * ps);

Description

wcsnrtombs() is like wcsrtombs(), except that the number of wide characters to be converted, starting at src, is limited to nwc.

If dest is not a NULL pointer, wcsnrtombs() converts at most nwc wide characters from the wide-character string src to a multibyte string starting at dest. At most len bytes are written to dest. The state ps is updated.

The conversion is effectively performed by repeatedly calling:

wcrtomb(dest, *src, ps)
as long as this call succeeds, and then incrementing dest by the number of bytes written and src by 1.

The conversion can stop for three reasons:

  • A wide character has been encountered that cannot be represented as a multibyte sequence (according to the current locale). In this case src is left pointing to the invalid wide character, (size_t)(-1) is returned, and errno is set to EILSEQ.

  • nws wide characters have been converted without encountering a L'\0', or the length limit forces a stop. In this case, src is left pointing to the next wide character to be converted, and the number bytes written to dest is returned.

  • The wide-character string has been completely converted, including the terminating L'\0' (which has the side effect of bringing back ps to the initial state). In this case, src is set to NULL, and the number of bytes written to dest, excluding the terminating L'\0' byte, is returned.

If dest is NULL, len is ignored, and the conversion proceeds as above, except that the converted bytes are not written out to memory, and that no destination length limit exists.

In both of the above cases, if ps is a NULL pointer, a static anonymous state only known to wcsnrtombs() is used instead.

The programmer shall ensure that there is room for at least len bytes at dest.

Return Value

wcsnrtombs() returns the number of bytes that make up the converted part of multibyte sequence, not including the terminating L'\0' byte. If a wide character was encountered which could not be converted, (size_t)(-1) is returned, and the global variable errno set to EILSEQ.

Notes

The behavior of wcsnrtombs() depends on the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale.

Passing NULL as ps is not multi-thread safe.

wcstoq

Name

wcstoq -- convert wide string to long long int representation

Synopsis

#include <wchar.h>

long long int wcstoq(const wchar_t * restrict nptr, wchar_t ** restrict endptr, int base);

Description

The wcstoq() function shall convert the initial portion of the wide string nptr to long long int representation. It is identical to wcstoll().

Return Value

Refer to wcstoll().

Errors

Refer to wcstoll().

wcstouq

Name

wcstouq -- convert wide string to unsigned long long int representation

Synopsis

#include <wchar.h>

unsigned long long wcstouq(const wchar_t * restrict nptr, wchar_t ** restrict endptr, int base);

Description

The wcstouq() function shall convert the initial portion of the wide string nptr to unsigned long long int representation. It is identical to wcstoull().

Return Value

Refer to wcstoull().

Errors

Refer to wcstoull().

wscanf

Name

wscanf -- convert formatted input

Description

The scanf() family of functions shall behave as described in ISO POSIX (2003), except as noted below.

Differences

The %s, %S and %[ conversion specifiers shall accept an option length modifier a, which shall cause a memory buffer to be allocated to hold the string converted. In such a case, the argument corresponding to the conversion specifier should be a reference to a pointer value that will receive a pointer to the allocated buffer. If there is insufficient memory to allocate a buffer, the function may set errno to ENOMEM and a conversion error results.

Note: This directly conflicts with the ISO C (1999) usage of %a as a conversion specifier for hexadecimal float values. While this conversion specifier should be supported, a format specifier such as "%aseconds" will have a different meaning on an LSB conforming system.

xdr_u_int

Name

xdr_u_int -- library routines for external data representation

Synopsis

int xdr_u_int(XDR * xdrs, unsigned int * up);

Description

xdr_u_int() is a filter primitive that translates between C unsigned integers and their external representations.

Return Value

On success, 1 is returned. On error, 0 is returned.


1.6. Interfaces for libm

Table 1-24 defines the library name and shared object name for the libm library

Table 1-24. libm Definition

Library:libm
SONAME:See archLSB.

The behavior of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following specifications:

ISO C (1999)
this specification
SUSv2
ISO POSIX (2003)


1.6.1. Math


1.6.1.1. Interfaces for Math

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Math specified in Table 1-25, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-25. libm - Math Function Interfaces

__finite [1]ccosl [2]exp [2]j1l [1]powf [2]
__finitef [1]ceil [2]exp2 [2]jn [2]powl [2]
__finitel [1]ceilf [2]exp2f [2]jnf [1]remainder [2]
__fpclassify [3]ceill [2]expf [2]jnl [1]remainderf [2]
__fpclassifyf [3]cexp [2]expl [2]ldexp [2]remainderl [2]
__signbit [1]cexpf [2]expm1 [2]ldexpf [2]remquo [2]
__signbitf [1]cexpl [2]expm1f [2]ldexpl [2]remquof [2]
acos [2]cimag [2]expm1l [2]lgamma [2]remquol [2]
acosf [2]cimagf [2]fabs [2]lgamma_r [1]rint [2]
acosh [2]cimagl [2]fabsf [2]lgammaf [2]rintf [2]
acoshf [2]clog [2]fabsl [2]lgammaf_r [1]rintl [2]
acoshl [2]clog10 [1]fdim [2]lgammal [2]round [2]
acosl [2]clog10f [1]fdimf [2]lgammal_r [1]roundf [2]
asin [2]clog10l [1]fdiml [2]llrint [2]roundl [2]
asinf [2]clogf [2]feclearexcept [2]llrintf [2]scalb [2]
asinh [2]clogl [2]fegetenv [2]llrintl [2]scalbf [1]
asinhf [2]conj [2]fegetexceptflag [2]llround [2]scalbl [1]
asinhl [2]conjf [2]fegetround [2]llroundf [2]scalbln [2]
asinl [2]conjl [2]feholdexcept [2]llroundl [2]scalblnf [2]
atan [2]copysign [2]feraiseexcept [2]log [2]scalblnl [2]
atan2 [2]copysignf [2]fesetenv [2]log10 [2]scalbn [2]
atan2f [2]copysignl [2]fesetexceptflag [2]log10f [2]scalbnf [2]
atan2l [2]cos [2]fesetround [2]log10l [2]scalbnl [2]
atanf [2]cosf [2]fetestexcept [2]log1p [2]significand [1]
atanh [2]cosh [2]feupdateenv [2]log1pf [2]significandf [1]
atanhf [2]coshf [2]finite [4]log1pl [2]significandl [1]
atanhl [2]coshl [2]finitef [1]log2 [2]sin [2]
atanl [2]cosl [2]finitel [1]log2f [2]sincos [1]
cabs [2]cpow [2]floor [2]log2l [2]sincosf [1]
cabsf [2]cpowf [2]floorf [2]logb [2]sincosl [1]
cabsl [2]cpowl [2]floorl [2]logbf [2]sinf [2]
cacos [2]cproj [2]fma [2]logbl [2]sinh [2]
cacosf [2]cprojf [2]fmaf [2]logf [2]sinhf [2]
cacosh [2]cprojl [2]fmal [2]logl [2]sinhl [2]
cacoshf [2]creal [2]fmax [2]lrint [2]sinl [2]
cacoshl [2]crealf [2]fmaxf [2]lrintf [2]sqrt [2]
cacosl [2]creall [2]fmaxl [2]lrintl [2]sqrtf [2]
carg [2]csin [2]fmin [2]lround [2]sqrtl [2]
cargf [2]csinf [2]fminf [2]lroundf [2]tan [2]
cargl [2]csinh [2]fminl [2]lroundl [2]tanf [2]
casin [2]csinhf [2]fmod [2]matherr [1]tanh [2]
casinf [2]csinhl [2]fmodf [2]modf [2]tanhf [2]
casinh [2]csinl [2]fmodl [2]modff [2]tanhl [2]
casinhf [2]csqrt [2]frexp [2]modfl [2]tanl [2]
casinhl [2]csqrtf [2]frexpf [2]nan [2]tgamma [2]
casinl [2]csqrtl [2]frexpl [2]nanf [2]tgammaf [2]
catan [2]ctan [2]gamma [4]nanl [2]tgammal [2]
catanf [2]ctanf [2]gammaf [1]nearbyint [2]trunc [2]
catanh [2]ctanh [2]gammal [1]nearbyintf [2]truncf [2]
catanhf [2]ctanhf [2]hypot [2]nearbyintl [2]truncl [2]
catanhl [2]ctanhl [2]hypotf [2]nextafter [2]y0 [2]
catanl [2]ctanl [2]hypotl [2]nextafterf [2]y0f [1]
cbrt [2]dremf [1]ilogb [2]nextafterl [2]y0l [1]
cbrtf [2]dreml [1]ilogbf [2]nexttoward [2]y1 [2]
cbrtl [2]erf [2]ilogbl [2]nexttowardf [2]y1f [1]
ccos [2]erfc [2]j0 [2]nexttowardl [2]y1l [1]
ccosf [2]erfcf [2]j0f [1]pow [2]yn [2]
ccosh [2]erfcl [2]j0l [1]pow10 [1]ynf [1]
ccoshf [2]erff [2]j1 [2]pow10f [1]ynl [1]
ccoshl [2]erfl [2]j1f [1]pow10l [1] 

Referenced Specification(s)

[4]. SUSv2

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic data interfaces for Math specified in Table 1-26, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-26. libm - Math Data Interfaces

signgam [1]    

Referenced Specification(s)


1.7. Data Definitions for libm

This section defines global identifiers and their values that are associated with interfaces contained in libm. These definitions are organized into groups that correspond to system headers. This convention is used as a convenience for the reader, and does not imply the existence of these headers, or their content.

These definitions are intended to supplement those provided in the referenced underlying specifications.

This specification uses ISO/IEC 9899 C Language as the reference programming language, and data definitions are specified in ISO C format. The C language is used here as a convenient notation. Using a C language description of these data objects does not preclude their use by other programming languages.


1.7.1. complex.h


#define complex	_Complex

1.7.2. math.h


#define DOMAIN	1
#define SING	2

struct exception
{
  int type;
  char *name;
  double arg1;
  double arg2;
  double retval;
}
 ;
#define FP_NAN	0
#define FP_INFINITE	1
#define FP_ZERO	2
#define FP_SUBNORMAL	3
#define FP_NORMAL	4

#define isnormal(x)	(fpclassify (x) == FP_NORMAL)
#define isfinite(x)	(sizeof (x) == sizeof (float) ? __finitef (x) : sizeof (x) == sizeof (double)? __finite (x) : __finitel (x))
#define isinf(x)	(sizeof (x) == sizeof (float) ? __isinff (x): sizeof (x) == sizeof (double) ? __isinf (x) : __isinfl (x))
#define isnan(x)	(sizeof (x) == sizeof (float) ? __isnanf (x)  : sizeof (x) == sizeof (double) ? __isnan (x) : __isnanl (x))

#define HUGE_VAL	0x1.0p2047
#define HUGE_VALF	0x1.0p255f
#define HUGE_VALL	0x1.0p32767L

#define NAN	((float)0x7fc00000UL)
#define M_1_PI	0.31830988618379067154
#define M_LOG10E	0.43429448190325182765
#define M_2_PI	0.63661977236758134308
#define M_LN2	0.69314718055994530942
#define M_SQRT1_2	0.70710678118654752440
#define M_PI_4	0.78539816339744830962
#define M_2_SQRTPI	1.12837916709551257390
#define M_SQRT2	1.41421356237309504880
#define M_LOG2E	1.4426950408889634074
#define M_PI_2	1.57079632679489661923
#define M_LN10	2.30258509299404568402
#define M_E	2.7182818284590452354
#define M_PI	3.14159265358979323846
#define INFINITY	HUGE_VALF

#define MATH_ERRNO	1
#define MATH_ERREXCEPT	2

#define isunordered(u, v)	(__extension__({ __typeof__(u) __u = (u); __typeof__(v) __v = (v);fpclassify (__u) == FP_NAN || fpclassify (__v) == FP_NAN; }))
#define islessgreater(x, y)	(__extension__({ __typeof__(x) __x = (x); __typeof__(y) __y = (y);!isunordered (__x, __y) & & (__x < __y || __y < __x); }))
#define isless(x,y)	(__extension__({ __typeof__(x) __x = (x); __typeof__(y) __y = (y);!isunordered (__x, __y) & & __x < __y; }))
#define islessequal(x, y)	(__extension__({ __typeof__(x) __x = (x); __typeof__(y) __y = (y);!isunordered (__x, __y) & & __x <= __y; }))
#define isgreater(x,y)	(__extension__({ __typeof__(x) __x = (x); __typeof__(y) __y = (y);!isunordered (__x, __y) & & __x > __y; }))
#define isgreaterequal(x,y)	(__extension__({ __typeof__(x) __x = (x); __typeof__(y) __y = (y);!isunordered (__x, __y) & & __x >= __y; }))

1.8. Interface Definitions for libm

Table of Contents
__fpclassify -- Classify real floating type
__fpclassifyf -- Classify real floating type

The following interfaces are included in libm and are defined by this specification. Unless otherwise noted, these interfaces shall be included in the source standard.

Other interfaces listed above for libm shall behave as described in the referenced base document.

__fpclassify

Name

__fpclassify -- Classify real floating type

Synopsis

int __fpclassify(double arg);

Description

__fpclassify() has the same specification as fpclassify() in ISO POSIX (2003), except that the argument type for __fpclassify() is known to be double.

__fpclassify() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

__fpclassifyf

Name

__fpclassifyf -- Classify real floating type

Synopsis

int __fpclassifyf(float arg);

Description

__fpclassifyf() has the same specification as fpclassifyf() in ISO POSIX (2003), except that the argument type for __fpclassifyf() is known to be float.

__fpclassifyf() is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.


1.9. Interfaces for libpthread

Table 1-27 defines the library name and shared object name for the libpthread library

Table 1-27. libpthread Definition

Library:libpthread
SONAME:libpthread.so.0

The behavior of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following specifications:

Large File Support
this specification
ISO POSIX (2003)


1.9.1. Realtime Threads


1.9.1.1. Interfaces for Realtime Threads

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Realtime Threads specified in Table 1-28, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-28. libpthread - Realtime Threads Function Interfaces

pthread_attr_getinheritsched [1]pthread_attr_getscope [1]pthread_attr_setschedpolicy [1]pthread_getschedparam [1]pthread_setschedprio(GLIBC_2.3.4) [1]
pthread_attr_getschedpolicy [1]pthread_attr_setinheritsched [1]pthread_attr_setscope [1]pthread_setschedparam [1] 

Referenced Specification(s)


1.9.2. Advanced Realtime Threads


1.9.2.1. Interfaces for Advanced Realtime Threads

No external functions are defined for libpthread - Advanced Realtime Threads


1.9.3. Posix Threads


1.9.3.1. Interfaces for Posix Threads

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Posix Threads specified in Table 1-29, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-29. libpthread - Posix Threads Function Interfaces

_pthread_cleanup_pop [1]pthread_attr_setstacksize [2]pthread_getspecific [2]pthread_rwlock_destroy [2]pthread_setspecific [2]
_pthread_cleanup_push [1]pthread_cancel [2]pthread_join [2]pthread_rwlock_init [2]pthread_sigmask [2]
pread [2]pthread_cond_broadcast [2]pthread_key_create [2]pthread_rwlock_rdlock [2]pthread_testcancel [2]
pread64 [3]pthread_cond_destroy [2]pthread_key_delete [2]pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock [2]pwrite [2]
pthread_attr_destroy [2]pthread_cond_init [2]pthread_kill [2]pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock [2]pwrite64 [3]
pthread_attr_getdetachstate [2]pthread_cond_signal [2]pthread_mutex_destroy [2]pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock [2]sem_close [2]
pthread_attr_getguardsize [2]pthread_cond_timedwait [2]pthread_mutex_init [2]pthread_rwlock_trywrlock [2]sem_destroy [2]
pthread_attr_getschedparam [2]pthread_cond_wait [2]pthread_mutex_lock [2]pthread_rwlock_unlock [2]sem_getvalue [2]
pthread_attr_getstack [2]pthread_condattr_destroy [2]pthread_mutex_trylock [2]pthread_rwlock_wrlock [2]sem_init [2]
pthread_attr_getstackaddr [2]pthread_condattr_getpshared [2]pthread_mutex_unlock [2]pthread_rwlockattr_destroy [2]sem_open [2]
pthread_attr_getstacksize [2]pthread_condattr_init [2]pthread_mutexattr_destroy [2]pthread_rwlockattr_getpshared [2]sem_post [2]
pthread_attr_init [2]pthread_condattr_setpshared [2]pthread_mutexattr_getpshared [2]pthread_rwlockattr_init [2]sem_timedwait [2]
pthread_attr_setdetachstate [2]pthread_create [2]pthread_mutexattr_gettype [2]pthread_rwlockattr_setpshared [2]sem_trywait [2]
pthread_attr_setguardsize [2]pthread_detach [2]pthread_mutexattr_init [2]pthread_self [2]sem_unlink [2]
pthread_attr_setschedparam [2]pthread_equal [2]pthread_mutexattr_setpshared [2]pthread_setcancelstate [2]sem_wait [2]
pthread_attr_setstack [2]pthread_exit [2]pthread_mutexattr_settype [2]pthread_setcanceltype [2] 
pthread_attr_setstackaddr [2]pthread_getconcurrency [2]pthread_once [2]pthread_setconcurrency [2] 

Referenced Specification(s)


1.10. Data Definitions for libpthread

This section defines global identifiers and their values that are associated with interfaces contained in libpthread. These definitions are organized into groups that correspond to system headers. This convention is used as a convenience for the reader, and does not imply the existence of these headers, or their content.

These definitions are intended to supplement those provided in the referenced underlying specifications.

This specification uses ISO/IEC 9899 C Language as the reference programming language, and data definitions are specified in ISO C format. The C language is used here as a convenient notation. Using a C language description of these data objects does not preclude their use by other programming languages.


1.10.1. pthread.h


#define PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM	0
#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT	1
#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL	1
#define PTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS	1
#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE	2
#define PTHREAD_RWLOCK_DEFAULT_NP	2
#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK	3
#define pthread_cleanup_pop(execute)	_pthread_cleanup_pop(& _buffer,(execute));}
#define __LOCK_INITIALIZER	{ 0, 0 }
#define PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER	{ __LOCK_INITIALIZER, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL,PTHREAD_RWLOCK_DEFAULT_NP, PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE }
#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER	{0,0,0,PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL,__LOCK_INITIALIZER}
#define pthread_cleanup_push(routine,arg)	{struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer _buffer;_pthread_cleanup_push(& _buffer,(routine),(arg));
#define PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER	{__LOCK_INITIALIZER,0}

struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer
{
  void (*__routine) (void *);
  void *__arg;
  int __canceltype;
  struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer *__prev;
}
 ;
typedef unsigned int pthread_key_t;
typedef int pthread_once_t;
typedef long long int __pthread_cond_align_t;

typedef unsigned long int pthread_t;
struct _pthread_fastlock
{
  long int __status;
  int __spinlock;
}
 ;

typedef struct _pthread_descr_struct *_pthread_descr;

typedef struct
{
  int __m_reserved;
  int __m_count;
  _pthread_descr __m_owner;
  int __m_kind;
  struct _pthread_fastlock __m_lock;
}
pthread_mutex_t;
typedef struct
{
  int __mutexkind;
}
pthread_mutexattr_t;

typedef struct
{
  int __detachstate;
  int __schedpolicy;
  struct sched_param __schedparam;
  int __inheritsched;
  int __scope;
  size_t __guardsize;
  int __stackaddr_set;
  void *__stackaddr;
  unsigned long int __stacksize;
}
pthread_attr_t;

typedef struct
{
  struct _pthread_fastlock __c_lock;
  _pthread_descr __c_waiting;
  char __padding[48 - sizeof (struct _pthread_fastlock) -
		 sizeof (_pthread_descr) - sizeof (__pthread_cond_align_t)];
  __pthread_cond_align_t __align;
}
pthread_cond_t;
typedef struct
{
  int __dummy;
}
pthread_condattr_t;

typedef struct _pthread_rwlock_t
{
  struct _pthread_fastlock __rw_lock;
  int __rw_readers;
  _pthread_descr __rw_writer;
  _pthread_descr __rw_read_waiting;
  _pthread_descr __rw_write_waiting;
  int __rw_kind;
  int __rw_pshared;
}
pthread_rwlock_t;
typedef struct
{
  int __lockkind;
  int __pshared;
}
pthread_rwlockattr_t;

#define PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE	0
#define PTHREAD_INHERIT_SCHED	0
#define PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT	0
#define PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE	0
#define PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED	1
#define PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED	1
#define PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED	1

#define PTHREAD_CANCELED	((void*)-1)
#define PTHREAD_CANCEL_DEFERRED	0
#define PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE	0
#define PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS	1
#define PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE	1

1.10.2. semaphore.h


typedef struct
{
  struct _pthread_fastlock __sem_lock;
  int __sem_value;
  _pthread_descr __sem_waiting;
}
sem_t;
#define SEM_FAILED	((sem_t*)0)

#define SEM_VALUE_MAX	((int)((~0u)>>1))

1.11. Interface Definitions for libpthread

Table of Contents
_pthread_cleanup_pop -- establish cancellation handlers
_pthread_cleanup_push -- establish cancellation handlers

The following interfaces are included in libpthread and are defined by this specification. Unless otherwise noted, these interfaces shall be included in the source standard.

Other interfaces listed above for libpthread shall behave as described in the referenced base document.

_pthread_cleanup_pop

Name

_pthread_cleanup_pop -- establish cancellation handlers

Synopsis

#include <pthread.h>

void _pthread_cleanup_pop(struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer *, int);

Description

The _pthread_cleanup_pop() function provides an implementation of the pthread_cleanup_pop() macro described in ISO POSIX (2003).

The _pthread_cleanup_pop() function is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.

_pthread_cleanup_push

Name

_pthread_cleanup_push -- establish cancellation handlers

Synopsis

#include <pthread.h>

void _pthread_cleanup_push(struct _pthread_cleanup_buffer *, void (*) (void *), void *);

Description

The _pthread_cleanup_push() function provides an implementation of the pthread_cleanup_push() macro described in ISO POSIX (2003).

The _pthread_cleanup_push() function is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard.


1.12. Interfaces for libgcc_s

Table 1-30 defines the library name and shared object name for the libgcc_s library

Table 1-30. libgcc_s Definition

Library:libgcc_s
SONAME:libgcc_s.so.1


1.12.1. Unwind Library


1.12.1.1. Interfaces for Unwind Library

No external functions are defined for libgcc_s - Unwind Library


1.13. Data Definitions for libgcc_s

This section defines global identifiers and their values that are associated with interfaces contained in libgcc_s. These definitions are organized into groups that correspond to system headers. This convention is used as a convenience for the reader, and does not imply the existence of these headers, or their content.

These definitions are intended to supplement those provided in the referenced underlying specifications.

This specification uses ISO/IEC 9899 C Language as the reference programming language, and data definitions are specified in ISO C format. The C language is used here as a convenient notation. Using a C language description of these data objects does not preclude their use by other programming languages.


1.13.1. unwind.h


struct dwarf_eh_base
{
  void *tbase;
  void *dbase;
  void *func;
}
 ;
struct _Unwind_Context;

typedef unsigned int _Unwind_Ptr;
typedef unsigned int _Unwind_Word;

typedef enum
{
  _URC_NO_REASON, _URC_FOREIGN_EXCEPTION_CAUGHT = 1, _URC_FATAL_PHASE2_ERROR =
    2, _URC_FATAL_PHASE1_ERROR = 3, _URC_NORMAL_STOP = 4, _URC_END_OF_STACK =
    5, _URC_HANDLER_FOUND = 6, _URC_INSTALL_CONTEXT =
    7, _URC_CONTINUE_UNWIND = 8
}
_Unwind_Reason_Code;

struct _Unwind_Exception
{
  _Unwind_Exception_Class;
  _Unwind_Exception_Cleanup_Fn;
  _Unwind_Word;
  _Unwind_Word;
}
 ;
#define _UA_SEARCH_PHASE	1
#define _UA_END_OF_STACK	16
#define _UA_CLEANUP_PHASE	2
#define _UA_HANDLER_FRAME	4
#define _UA_FORCE_UNWIND	8

1.14. Interfaces for libdl

Table 1-31 defines the library name and shared object name for the libdl library

Table 1-31. libdl Definition

Library:libdl
SONAME:libdl.so.2

The behavior of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following specifications:

this specification
ISO POSIX (2003)


1.14.1. Dynamic Loader


1.14.1.1. Interfaces for Dynamic Loader

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Dynamic Loader specified in Table 1-32, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-32. libdl - Dynamic Loader Function Interfaces

dladdr [1]dlclose [2]dlerror [2]dlopen [1]dlsym [1]

Referenced Specification(s)


1.15. Data Definitions for libdl

This section defines global identifiers and their values that are associated with interfaces contained in libdl. These definitions are organized into groups that correspond to system headers. This convention is used as a convenience for the reader, and does not imply the existence of these headers, or their content.

These definitions are intended to supplement those provided in the referenced underlying specifications.

This specification uses ISO/IEC 9899 C Language as the reference programming language, and data definitions are specified in ISO C format. The C language is used here as a convenient notation. Using a C language description of these data objects does not preclude their use by other programming languages.


1.15.1. dlfcn.h


#define RTLD_NEXT	((void *) -1l)
#define RTLD_LOCAL	0
#define RTLD_LAZY	0x00001
#define RTLD_NOW	0x00002
#define RTLD_GLOBAL	0x00100

typedef struct
{
  char *dli_fname;
  void *dli_fbase;
  char *dli_sname;
  void *dli_saddr;
}
Dl_info;

1.16. Interface Definitions for libdl

Table of Contents
dladdr -- find the shared object containing a given address
dlopen -- open dynamic object
dlsym -- obtain the address of a symbol from a dlopen object

The following interfaces are included in libdl and are defined by this specification. Unless otherwise noted, these interfaces shall be included in the source standard.

Other interfaces listed above for libdl shall behave as described in the referenced base document.

dladdr

Name

dladdr -- find the shared object containing a given address

Synopsis

#include <dlfcn.h>

typedef struct {
             const char  *dli_fname;
             void        *dli_fbase;
             const char  *dli_sname;
             void        *dli_saddr;
} Dl_info;

int dladdr(const void * addr, Dl_info * dlip);

Description

The dladdr() function shall query the dynamic linker for information about the shared object containing the address addr. The information shall be returned in the user supplied data structure referenced by dlip.

The structure shall contain at least the following members:

dli_fname

The pathname of the shared object containing the address

dli_fbase

The base address at which the shared object is mapped into the address space of the calling process.

dli_sname

The name of the nearest runtime symbol with value less than or equal to addr. Where possible, the symbol name shall be returned as it would appear in C source code.

If no symbol with a suitable value is found, both this field and dli_saddr shall be set to NULL.

dli_saddr

The address of the symbol returned in dli_sname.

The behavior of dladdr() is only specified in dynamically linked programs.

Return Value

On success, dladdr() shall return non-zero, and the structure referenced by dlip shall be filled in as described. Otherwise, dladdr() shall return zero, and the cause of the error can be fetched with dlerr().

Errors

See dlerr().

Environment

LD_LIBRARY_PATH

directory search-path for object files

dlopen

Name

dlopen -- open dynamic object

Synopsis

#include <dlfcn.h>

void * dlopen(const char * filename, int flag);

Description

dlopen shall behave as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with additional behaviors listed below.

If the file argument does not contain a slash character, then the system shall look for a library of that name in at least the following directories, and use the first one which is found:

  • The directories specified by the DT_RPATH dynamic entry.

  • The directories specified in the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable (which is a colon separated list of pathnames). This step shall be skipped for setuid and setgid executables.

  • A set of directories sufficient to contain the libraries specified in this standard.

    Note: Traditionally, /lib and /usr/lib. This case would also cover cases in which the system used the mechanism of /etc/ld.so.conf and /etc/ld.so.cache to provide access.

    Example: An application which is not linked against libm may choose to dlopen libm.

dlsym

Name

dlsym -- obtain the address of a symbol from a dlopen object

Description

dlsym() is as specified in the ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

The special purpose value for handle RTLD_NEXT

The value RTLD_NEXT, which is reserved for future use shall be available, with the behavior as described in ISO POSIX (2003).


1.17. Interfaces for libcrypt

Table 1-33 defines the library name and shared object name for the libcrypt library

Table 1-33. libcrypt Definition

Library:libcrypt
SONAME:libcrypt.so.1

The behavior of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following specifications:

ISO POSIX (2003)


1.17.1. Encryption


1.17.1.1. Interfaces for Encryption

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Encryption specified in Table 1-34, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-34. libcrypt - Encryption Function Interfaces

crypt [1]encrypt [1]setkey [1]  

Referenced Specification(s)


1.18. Interfaces for libpam

Table 1-35 defines the library name and shared object name for the libpam library

Table 1-35. libpam Definition

Library:libpam
SONAME:libpam.so.0

A single service name, other, shall always be present. The behavior of this service shall be determined by the system administrator. Additional service names may also exist. [1]

The behavior of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following specifications:

this specification


1.18.1. Pluggable Authentication API


1.18.1.1. Interfaces for Pluggable Authentication API

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Pluggable Authentication API specified in Table 1-36, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 1-36. libpam - Pluggable Authentication API Function Interfaces

pam_acct_mgmt [1]pam_close_session [1]pam_get_item [1]pam_set_item [1]pam_strerror [1]
pam_authenticate [1]pam_end [1]pam_getenvlist [1]pam_setcred [1] 
pam_chauthtok [1]pam_fail_delay [1]pam_open_session [1]pam_start [1] 

Referenced Specification(s)


1.19. Data Definitions for libpam

This section defines global identifiers and their values that are associated with interfaces contained in libpam. These definitions are organized into groups that correspond to system headers. This convention is used as a convenience for the reader, and does not imply the existence of these headers, or their content.

These definitions are intended to supplement those provided in the referenced underlying specifications.

This specification uses ISO/IEC 9899 C Language as the reference programming language, and data definitions are specified in ISO C format. The C language is used here as a convenient notation. Using a C language description of these data objects does not preclude their use by other programming languages.


1.19.1. security/pam_appl.h


typedef struct pam_handle pam_handle_t;
struct pam_message
{
  int msg_style;
  const char *msg;
}
 ;
struct pam_response
{
  char *resp;
  int resp_retcode;
}
 ;

struct pam_conv
{
  int (*conv) (int num_msg, const struct pam_message * *msg,
	       struct pam_response * *resp, void *appdata_ptr);
  void *appdata_ptr;
}
 ;
#define PAM_PROMPT_ECHO_OFF	1
#define PAM_PROMPT_ECHO_ON	2
#define PAM_ERROR_MSG	3
#define PAM_TEXT_INFO	4

#define PAM_SERVICE	1
#define PAM_USER	2
#define PAM_TTY	3
#define PAM_RHOST	4
#define PAM_CONV	5
#define PAM_RUSER	8
#define PAM_USER_PROMPT	9

#define PAM_SUCCESS	0
#define PAM_OPEN_ERR	1
#define PAM_USER_UNKNOWN	10
#define PAM_MAXTRIES	11
#define PAM_NEW_AUTHTOK_REQD	12
#define PAM_ACCT_EXPIRED	13
#define PAM_SESSION_ERR	14
#define PAM_CRED_UNAVAIL	15
#define PAM_CRED_EXPIRED	16
#define PAM_CRED_ERR	17
#define PAM_CONV_ERR	19
#define PAM_SYMBOL_ERR	2
#define PAM_AUTHTOK_ERR	20
#define PAM_AUTHTOK_RECOVER_ERR	21
#define PAM_AUTHTOK_LOCK_BUSY	22
#define PAM_AUTHTOK_DISABLE_AGING	23
#define PAM_TRY_AGAIN	24
#define PAM_ABORT	26
#define PAM_AUTHTOK_EXPIRED	27
#define PAM_BAD_ITEM	29
#define PAM_SERVICE_ERR	3
#define PAM_SYSTEM_ERR	4
#define PAM_BUF_ERR	5
#define PAM_PERM_DENIED	6
#define PAM_AUTH_ERR	7
#define PAM_CRED_INSUFFICIENT	8
#define PAM_AUTHINFO_UNAVAIL	9

#define PAM_DISALLOW_NULL_AUTHTOK	0x0001U
#define PAM_ESTABLISH_CRED	0x0002U
#define PAM_DELETE_CRED	0x0004U
#define PAM_REINITIALIZE_CRED	0x0008U
#define PAM_REFRESH_CRED	0x0010U
#define PAM_CHANGE_EXPIRED_AUTHTOK	0x0020U
#define PAM_SILENT	0x8000U

1.20. Interface Definitions for libpam

Table of Contents
pam_acct_mgmt -- establish the status of a user's account
pam_authenticate -- authenticate the user
pam_chauthtok -- change the authentication token for a given user
pam_close_session -- indicate that an authenticated session has ended
pam_end -- terminate the use of the PAM library
pam_fail_delay -- specify delay time to use on authentication error
pam_get_item -- obtain the value of the indicated item.
pam_getenvlist -- returns a pointer to the complete PAM environment.
pam_open_session -- used to indicate that an authenticated session has been initiated
pam_set_item -- (re)set the value of an item.
pam_setcred -- set the module-specific credentials of the user
pam_start -- initialize the PAM library
pam_strerror -- returns a string describing the PAM error

The following interfaces are included in libpam and are defined by this specification. Unless otherwise noted, these interfaces shall be included in the source standard.

Other interfaces listed above for libpam shall behave as described in the referenced base document.

pam_acct_mgmt

Name

pam_acct_mgmt -- establish the status of a user's account

Synopsis

#include <security/pam_appl.h>

int pam_acct_mgmt(pam_handle_t * pamh, int flags);

Description

pam_acct_mgmt() establishes the account's usability and the user's accessibility to the system. It is typically called after the user has been authenticated.

flags may be specified as any valid flag (namely, one of those applicable to the flags argument of pam_authenticate()). Additionally, the value of flags may be logically or'd with PAM_SILENT.

Return Value

PAM_SUCCESS

Success.

PAM_NEW_AUTHTOK_REQD

User is valid, but user's authentication token has expired. The correct response to this return-value is to require that the user satisfy the pam_chauthtok() function before obtaining service. It may not be possible for an application to do this. In such a case, the user should be denied access until the account password is updated.

PAM_ACCT_EXPIRED

User is no longer permitted access to the system.

PAM_AUTH_ERR

Authentication error.

PAM_PERM_DENIED

User is not permitted to gain access at this time.

PAM_USER_UNKNOWN

User is not known to a module's account management component.

Errors

May be translated to text with pam_strerror().

pam_authenticate

Name

pam_authenticate -- authenticate the user

Synopsis

#include <security/pam_appl.h>

int pam_authenticate(pam_handle_t * pamh, int flags);

Description

pam_authenticate() serves as an interface to the authentication mechanisms of the loaded modules.

flags is an optional parameter that may be specified by the following value:

PAM_DISALLOW_NULL_AUTHTOK

Instruct the authentication modules to return PAM_AUTH_ERR if the user does not have a registered authorization token.

Additionally, the value of flags may be logically or'd with PAM_SILENT.

The process may need to be privileged in order to successfully call this function.

Return Value

PAM_SUCCESS

Success.

PAM_AUTH_ERR

User was not authenticated or process did not have sufficient privileges to perform authentication.

PAM_CRED_INSUFFICIENT

Application does not have sufficient credentials to authenticate the user.

PAM_AUTHINFO_UNAVAIL

Modules were not able to access the authentication information. This might be due to a network or hardware failure, etc.

PAM_USER_UNKNOWN

Supplied username is not known to the authentication service.

PAM_MAXTRIES

One or more authentication modules has reached its limit of tries authenticating the user. Do not try again.

PAM_ABORT

One or more authentication modules failed to load.

Errors

May be translated to text with pam_strerror().

pam_chauthtok

Name

pam_chauthtok -- change the authentication token for a given user

Synopsis

#include <security/pam_appl.h>

int pam_chauthtok(pam_handle_t * pamh, const int flags);

Description

pam_chauthtok() is used to change the authentication token for a given user as indicated by the state associated with the handle pamh.

flags is an optional parameter that may be specified by the following value:

PAM_CHANGE_EXPIRED_AUTHTOK

User's authentication token should only be changed if it has expired.

Additionally, the value of flags may be logically or'd with PAM_SILENT.

RETURN VALUE

PAM_SUCCESS

Success.

PAM_AUTHTOK_ERR

A module was unable to obtain the new authentication token.

PAM_AUTHTOK_RECOVER_ERR

A module was unable to obtain the old authentication token.

PAM_AUTHTOK_LOCK_BUSY

One or more modules were unable to change the authentication token since it is currently locked.

PAM_AUTHTOK_DISABLE_AGING

Authentication token aging has been disabled for at least one of the modules.

PAM_PERM_DENIED

Permission denied.

PAM_TRY_AGAIN

Not all modules were in a position to update the authentication token(s). In such a case, none of the user's authentication tokens are updated.

PAM_USER_UNKNOWN

User is not known to the authentication token changing service.

ERRORS

May be translated to text with pam_strerror().

pam_close_session

Name

pam_close_session -- indicate that an authenticated session has ended

Synopsis

#include <security/pam_appl.h>

int pam_close_session(pam_handle_t * pamh, int flags);

Description

pam_close_session() is used to indicate that an authenticated session has ended. It is used to inform the module that the user is exiting a session. It should be possible for the PAM library to open a session and close the same session from different applications.

flags may have the value PAM_SILENT to indicate that no output should be generated as a result of this function call.

Return Value

PAM_SUCCESS

Success.

PAM_SESSION_ERR

One of the required loaded modules was unable to close a session for the user.

Errors

May be translated to text with pam_strerror().

pam_end

Name

pam_end -- terminate the use of the PAM library

Synopsis

#include <security/pam_appl.h>

int pam_end(pam_handle_t * pamh, int pam_status);

Description

pam_end() terminates use of the PAM library. On success, the contents of *pamh are no longer valid, and all memory associated with it is invalid.

Normally, pam_status is passed the value PAM_SUCCESS, but in the event of an unsuccessful service application, the appropriate PAM error return value should be used.

Return Value

PAM_SUCCESS

Success.

Errors

May be translated to text with pam_strerror().

pam_fail_delay

Name

pam_fail_delay -- specify delay time to use on authentication error

Synopsis

#include <security/pam_appl.h>

int pam_fail_delay(pam_handle_t * pamh, unsigned int micro_sec);

Description

pam_fail_delay() specifies the minimum delay for the PAM library to use when an authentication error occurs. The actual delay can vary by as much at 25%. If this function is called multiple times, the longest time specified by any of the call will be used.

The delay is invoked if an authentication error occurs during the pam_authenticate() or pam_chauthtok() function calls.

Independent of the success of pam_authenticate() or pam_chauthtok(), the delay time is reset to its default value of 0 when the PAM library returns control to the application from these two functions.

Return Value

PAM_SUCCESS

Success.

Errors

May be translated to text with pam_strerror().

pam_get_item

Name

pam_get_item -- obtain the value of the indicated item.

Synopsis

#include <security/pam_appl.h>

int pam_get_item(const pam_handle_t * pamh, int item_type, const void * * item);

Description

pam_get_item() obtains the value of the indicated item_type. The possible values of item_type are the same as listed for pam_set_item().

On success, item contains a pointer to the value of the corresponding item. Note that this is a pointer to the actual data and should not be free()'d or over-written.

Return Value

PAM_SUCCESS

Success.

PAM_PERM_DENIED

Application passed a NULL pointer for item.

PAM_BAD_ITEM

Application attempted to get an undefined item.

Errors

May be translated to text with pam_strerror().

pam_getenvlist

Name

pam_getenvlist -- returns a pointer to the complete PAM environment.

Synopsis

#include <security/pam_appl.h>

char * const * pam_getenvlist(pam_handle_t * pamh);

Description

pam_getenvlist() returns a pointer to the complete PAM environment. This pointer points to an array of pointers to NUL-terminated strings and must be terminated by a NULL pointer. Each string has the form "name=value".

The PAM library module allocates memory for the returned value and the associated strings. The calling application is responsible for freeing this memory.

Return Value

pam_getenvlist() returns an array of string pointers containing the PAM environment. On error, NULL is returned.

pam_open_session

Name

pam_open_session -- used to indicate that an authenticated session has been initiated

Synopsis

#include <security/pam_appl.h>

int pam_open_session(pam_handle_t * pamh, int flags);

Description

pam_handle_t() is used to indicate that an authenticated session has begun. It is used to inform the module that the user is currently in a session. It should be possible for the PAM library to open a session and close the same session from different applications.

flags may have the value PAM_SILENT to indicate that no output be generated as a rsult of this function call.

Return Value

PAM_SUCCESS

Success.

PAM_SESSION_ERR

One of the loaded modules was unable to open a session for the user.

ERRORS

May be translated to text with pam_strerror().

pam_set_item

Name

pam_set_item -- (re)set the value of an item.

Synopsis

#include <security/pam_appl.h>

int pam_set_item(pam_handle_t * pamh, int item_type, const void * item);

Description

pam_set_item() (re)sets the value of one of the following item_types:

PAM_SERVICE

service name

PAM_USER

user name

PAM_TTY

terminal name

The value for a device file should include the /dev/ prefix. The value for graphical, X-based, applications should be the $DISPLAY variable.

PAM_RHOST

remote host name

PAM_CONV

conversation structure

PAM_RUSER

remote user name

PAM_USER_PROMPT

string to be used when prompting for a user's name

The default value for this string is Please enter username: .

For all item_types other than PAM_CONV, item is a pointer to a NULL-terminated character string. In the case of PAM_CONV, item points to an initialized pam_conv structure.

Return Value

PAM_SUCCESS

Success.

PAM_PERM_DENIED

An attempt was made to replace the conversation structure with a NULL value.

PAM_BUF_ERR

Function ran out of memory making a copy of the item.

PAM_BAD_ITEM

Application attempted to set an undefined item.

Errors

May be translated to text with pam_strerror().

pam_setcred

Name

pam_setcred -- set the module-specific credentials of the user

Synopsis

#include <security/pam_appl.h>

extern int pam_setcred(pam_handle_t * pamh, int flags);

Description

pam_setcred() sets the module-specific credentials of the user. It is usually called after the user has been authenticated, after the account management function has been called and after a session has been opened for the user.

flags maybe specified from among the following values:

PAM_ESTABLISH_CRED

set credentials for the authentication service

PAM_DELETE_CRED

delete credentials associated with the authentication service

PAM_REINITIALIZE_CRED

reinitialize the user credentials

PAM_REFRESH_CRED

extend lifetime of the user credentials

Additionally, the value of flags may be logically or'd with PAM_SILENT.

Return Value

PAM_SUCCESS

Success.

PAM_CRED_UNAVAIL

Module cannot retrieve the user's credentials.

PAM_CRED_EXPIRED

User's credentials have expired.

PAM_USER_UNKNOWN

User is not known to an authentication module.

PAM_CRED_ERR

Module was unable to set the credentials of the user.

Errors

May be translated to text with pam_strerror().

pam_start

Name

pam_start -- initialize the PAM library

Synopsis

#include <security/pam_appl.h>

int pam_start(const char * service_name, const char * user, const struct pam_conv * pam_conversation, pam_handle_t * * pamh);

Description

pam_start() is used to initialize the PAM library. It must be called prior to any other usage of the PAM library. On success, *pamh becomes a handle that provides continuity for successive calls to the PAM library. pam_start() expects arguments as follows: the service_name of the program, the username of the individual to be authenticated, a pointer to an application-supplied pam_conv structure, and a pointer to a pam_handle_t pointer.

An application must provide the conversation function used for direct communication between a loaded module and the application. The application also typically provides a means for the module to prompt the user for a password, etc.

The structure, pam_conv, is defined to be,

  struct pam_conv {
               int (*conv) (int num_msg,
                            const struct pam_message * *msg,
                            struct pam_response * *resp,
                            void *appdata_ptr);
               void *appdata_ptr;
  };
It is initialized by the application before it is passed to the library. The contents of this structure are attached to the *pamh handle. The point of this argument is to provide a mechanism for any loaded module to interact directly with the application program; this is why it is called a conversation structure.

When a module calls the referenced conv() function, appdata_ptr is set to the second element of this structure.

The other arguments of a call to conv() concern the information exchanged by module and application. num_msg holds the length of the array of pointers passed via msg. On success, the pointer resp points to an array of num_msg pam_response structures, holding the application-supplied text. Note that resp is a struct pam_response array and not an array of pointers.

Return Value

PAM_SUCCESS

Success.

PAM_BUF_ERR

Memory allocation error.

PAM_ABORT

Internal failure.

ERRORS

May be translated to text with pam_strerror().

pam_strerror

Name

pam_strerror -- returns a string describing the PAM error

Synopsis

#include <security/pam_appl.h>

const char * pam_strerror(pam_handle_t * pamh, int errnum);

Description

pam_strerror() returns a string describing the PAM error associated with errnum.

Return Value

On success, this function returns a description of the indicated error. The application should not free or modify this string. Otherwise, a string indicating that the error is unknown shall be returned. It is unspecified whether or not the string returned is translated according to the setting of LC_MESSAGES.

II. Utility Libraries

Table of Contents
2. Utility Libraries

Chapter 2. Utility Libraries

2.1. Introduction

An LSB-conforming implementation shall also support the following utility libraries which are built on top of the interfaces provided by the base libraries. These libraries implement common functionality, and hide additional system dependent information such as file formats and device names.

  • libz

  • libcurses

  • libutil


2.2. Interfaces for libz

Table 2-1 defines the library name and shared object name for the libz library

Table 2-1. libz Definition

Library:libz
SONAME:libz.so.1

The behavior of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following specifications:

this specification


2.2.1. Compression Library


2.2.1.1. Interfaces for Compression Library

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Compression Library specified in Table 2-2, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 2-2. libz - Compression Library Function Interfaces

adler32 [1]deflateInit2_ [1]gzerror [1]gzrewind [1]inflateReset [1]
compress [1]deflateInit_ [1]gzflush [1]gzseek [1]inflateSetDictionary [1]
compress2 [1]deflateParams [1]gzgetc [1]gzsetparams [1]inflateSync [1]
compressBound [1]deflateReset [1]gzgets [1]gztell [1]inflateSyncPoint [1]
crc32 [1]deflateSetDictionary [1]gzopen [1]gzwrite [1]uncompress [1]
deflate [1]get_crc_table [1]gzprintf [1]inflate [1]zError [1]
deflateBound [1]gzclose [1]gzputc [1]inflateEnd [1]zlibVersion [1]
deflateCopy [1]gzdopen [1]gzputs [1]inflateInit2_ [1] 
deflateEnd [1]gzeof [1]gzread [1]inflateInit_ [1] 

Referenced Specification(s)


2.3. Data Definitions for libz

This section defines global identifiers and their values that are associated with interfaces contained in libz. These definitions are organized into groups that correspond to system headers. This convention is used as a convenience for the reader, and does not imply the existence of these headers, or their content.

These definitions are intended to supplement those provided in the referenced underlying specifications.

This specification uses ISO/IEC 9899 C Language as the reference programming language, and data definitions are specified in ISO C format. The C language is used here as a convenient notation. Using a C language description of these data objects does not preclude their use by other programming languages.


2.3.1. zlib.h

In addition to the values below, the zlib.h header shall define the ZLIB_VERSION macro. This macro may be used to check that the version of the library at run time matches that at compile time.

See also the zlibVersion() function, which returns the library version at run time. The first character of the version at compile time should always match the first character at run time.


#define Z_NULL	0
#define MAX_WBITS	15
#define MAX_MEM_LEVEL	9
#define deflateInit2(strm,level,method,windowBits,memLevel,strategy)	deflateInit2_((strm),(level),(method),(windowBits),(memLevel),(strategy),ZLIB_VERSION,sizeof(z_stream))
#define deflateInit(strm,level)	deflateInit_((strm), (level),       ZLIB_VERSION, sizeof(z_stream))
#define inflateInit2(strm,windowBits)	inflateInit2_((strm), (windowBits), ZLIB_VERSION, sizeof(z_stream))
#define inflateInit(strm)	inflateInit_((strm),                ZLIB_VERSION, sizeof(z_stream))

typedef char charf;
typedef int intf;

typedef void *voidpf;
typedef unsigned int uInt;
typedef unsigned long int uLong;
typedef uLong uLongf;
typedef void *voidp;
typedef unsigned char Byte;
typedef off_t z_off_t;
typedef void *const voidpc;

typedef voidpf (*alloc_func) (voidpf opaque, uInt items, uInt size);
typedef void (*free_func) (voidpf opaque, voidpf address);
struct internal_state
{
  int dummy;
}
 ;
typedef Byte Bytef;
typedef uInt uIntf;

typedef struct z_stream_s
{
  Bytef *next_in;
  uInt avail_in;
  uLong total_in;
  Bytef *next_out;
  uInt avail_out;
  uLong total_out;
  char *msg;
  struct internal_state *state;
  alloc_func zalloc;
  free_func zfree;
  voidpf opaque;
  int data_type;
  uLong adler;
  uLong reserved;
}
z_stream;

typedef z_stream *z_streamp;
typedef voidp gzFile;
#define Z_NO_FLUSH	0
#define Z_PARTIAL_FLUSH	1
#define Z_SYNC_FLUSH	2
#define Z_FULL_FLUSH	3
#define Z_FINISH	4

#define Z_ERRNO	(-1)
#define Z_STREAM_ERROR	(-2)
#define Z_DATA_ERROR	(-3)
#define Z_MEM_ERROR	(-4)
#define Z_BUF_ERROR	(-5)
#define Z_VERSION_ERROR	(-6)
#define Z_OK	0
#define Z_STREAM_END	1
#define Z_NEED_DICT	2

#define Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION	(-1)
#define Z_NO_COMPRESSION	0
#define Z_BEST_SPEED	1
#define Z_BEST_COMPRESSION	9

#define Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY	0
#define Z_FILTERED	1
#define Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY	2

#define Z_BINARY	0
#define Z_ASCII	1
#define Z_UNKNOWN	2

#define Z_DEFLATED	8

2.4. Interface Definitions for libz

Table of Contents
adler32 -- Compute Adler 32 Checksum
compress -- compress data
compress2 -- compress data at a specified level
compressBound -- compute compressed data size
crc32 -- Compute CRC-32 Checksum
deflate -- compress data
deflateBound -- compute compressed data size
deflateCopy -- copy compression stream
deflateEnd -- free compression stream state
deflateInit2_ -- initialize compression system
deflateInit_ -- initialize compression system
deflateParams -- set compression parameters
deflateReset -- reset compression stream state
deflateSetDictionary -- initialize compression dictionary
get_crc_table -- generate a table for crc calculations
gzclose -- close a compressed file stream
gzdopen -- open a compressed file
gzeof -- check for end-of-file on a compressed file stream
gzerror -- decode an error on a compressed file stream
gzflush -- flush a compressed file stream
gzgetc -- read a character from a compressed file
gzgets -- read a string from a compressed file
gzopen -- open a compressed file
gzprintf -- format data and compress
gzputc -- write character to a compressed file
gzputs -- string write to a compressed file
gzread -- read from a compressed file
gzrewind -- reset the file-position indicator on a compressed file stream
gzseek -- reposition a file-position indicator in a compressed file stream
gzsetparams -- dynamically set compression parameters
gztell -- find position on a compressed file stream
gzwrite -- write to a compressed file
inflate -- decompress data
inflateEnd -- free decompression stream state
inflateInit2_ -- initialize decompression system
inflateInit_ -- initialize decompression system
inflateReset -- reset decompression stream state
inflateSetDictionary -- initialize decompression dictionary
inflateSync -- advance compression stream to next sync point
inflateSyncPoint -- test for synchronization point
uncompress -- uncompress data
zError -- translate error number to string
zlibVersion -- discover library version at run time

The following interfaces are included in libz and are defined by this specification. Unless otherwise noted, these interfaces shall be included in the source standard.

Other interfaces listed above for libz shall behave as described in the referenced base document.

adler32

Name

adler32 -- Compute Adler 32 Checksum

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

uLong adler32(uLong adler, const Bytef * buf, uInt len);

Description

The adler32() function shall compute a running Adler-32 checksum (as described in RFC 1950: ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specication). On entry, adler is the previous value for the checksum, and buf shall point to an array of len bytes of data to be added to this checksum. The adler32() function shall return the new checksum.

If buf is NULL (or Z_NULL), adler32() shall return the initial checksum.

Return Value

The adler32() function shall return the new checksum value.

Errors

None defined.

Application Usage (informative)

The following code fragment demonstrates typical usage of the adler32() function:

     uLong adler = adler32(0L, Z_NULL, 0);

     while (read_buffer(buffer, length) != EOF) {
       adler = adler32(adler, buffer, length);
     }
     if (adler != original_adler) error();

compress

Name

compress -- compress data

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int compress(Bytef * dest, uLongf * destLen, const Bytef * source, uLong sourceLen);

Description

The compress() function shall attempt to compress sourceLen bytes of data in the buffer source, placing the result in the buffer dest.

On entry, destLen should point to a value describing the size of the dest buffer. The application should ensure that this value be at least (sourceLen × 1.001) + 12. On successful exit, the variable referenced by destLen shall be updated to hold the length of compressed data in dest.

The compress() function is equivalent to compress2() with a level of Z_DEFAULT_LEVEL.

Return Value

On success, compress() shall return Z_OK. Otherwise, compress() shall return a value to indicate the error.

Errors

On error, compress() shall return a value as described below:

Z_BUF_ERROR

The buffer dest was not large enough to hold the compressed data.

Z_MEM_ERROR

Insufficient memory.

compress2

Name

compress2 -- compress data at a specified level

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int compress2(Bytef * dest, uLongf * destLen, const Bytef * source, uLong sourceLen, int level);

Description

The compress2() function shall attempt to compress sourceLen bytes of data in the buffer source, placing the result in the buffer dest, at the level described by level. The level supplied shall be a value between 0 and 9, or the value Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION. A level of 1 requests the highest speed, while a level of 9 requests the highest compression. A level of 0 indicates that no compression should be used, and the output shall be the same as the input.

On entry, destLen should point to a value describing the size of the dest buffer. The application should ensure that this value be at least (sourceLen × 1.001) + 12. On successful exit, the variable referenced by destLen shall be updated to hold the length of compressed data in dest.

The compress() function is equivalent to compress2() with a level of Z_DEFAULT_LEVEL.

Return Value

On success, compress2() shall return Z_OK. Otherwise, compress2() shall return a value to indicate the error.

Errors

On error, compress2() shall return a value as described below:

Z_BUF_ERROR

The buffer dest was not large enough to hold the compressed data.

Z_MEM_ERROR

Insufficient memory.

Z_STREAM_ERROR

The level was not Z_DEFAULT_LEVEL, or was not between 0 and 9.

compressBound

Name

compressBound -- compute compressed data size

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int compressBound(uLong sourceLen);

Description

The compressBound() function shall estimate the size of buffer required to compress sourceLen bytes of data using the compress() or compress2() functions. If successful, the value returned shall be an upper bound for the size of buffer required to compress sourceLen bytes of data, using the parameters stored in stream, in a single call to compress() or compress2().

Return Value

The compressBound() shall return a value representing the upper bound of an array to allocate to hold the compressed data in a single call to compress() or compress2(). This function may return a conservative value that may be larger than sourceLen.

Errors

None defined.

crc32

Name

crc32 -- Compute CRC-32 Checksum

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

uLong crc32(uLong crc, const Bytef * buf, uInt len);

Description

The crc32() function shall compute a running Cyclic Redundancy Check checksum, as defined in ITU-T V.42. On entry, crc is the previous value for the checksum, and buf shall point to an array of len bytes of data to be added to this checksum. The crc32() function shall return the new checksum.

If buf is NULL (or Z_NULL), crc32() shall return the initial checksum.

Return Value

The crc32() function shall return the new checksum value.

Errors

None defined.

Application Usage (informative)

The following code fragment demonstrates typical usage of the crc32() function:

     uLong crc = crc32(0L, Z_NULL, 0);

     while (read_buffer(buffer, length) != EOF) {
       crc = crc32(crc, buffer, length);
     }
     if (crc != original_crc) error();

deflate

Name

deflate -- compress data

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int deflate(z_streamp stream, int flush);

Description

The deflate() function shall attempt to compress data until either the input buffer is empty or the output buffer is full. The stream references a z_stream structure. Before the first call to deflate(), this structure should have been initialized by a call to deflateInit2_().

Note: deflateInit2_() is only in the binary standard; source level applications should initialize stream via a call to deflateInit() or deflateInit2().

In addition, the stream input and output buffers should have been initialized as follows:

next_in

should point to the data to be compressed.

avail_in

should contain the number of bytes of data in the buffer referenced by next_in.

next_out

should point to a buffer where compressed data may be placed.

avail_out

should contain the size in bytes of the buffer referenced by next_out

The deflate() function shall perform one or both of the following actions:

  1. Compress input data from next_in and update next_in, avail_in and total_in to reflect the data that has been compressed.

  2. Fill the output buffer referenced by next_out, and update next_out, avail_out and total_out to reflect the compressed data that has been placed there. If flush is not Z_NO_FLUSH, and avail_out indicates that there is still space in output buffer, this action shall always occur (see below for further details).

The deflate() function shall return when either avail_in reaches zero (indicating that all the input data has been compressed), or avail_out reaches zero (indicating that the output buffer is full).

On success, the deflate() function shall set the adler field of the stream to the adler32() checksum of all the input data compressed so far (represented by total_in).

If the deflate() function shall attempt to determine the type of input data, and set field data_type in stream to Z_ASCII if the majority of the data bytes fall within the ASCII (ISO 646) printable character range. Otherwise, it shall set data_type to Z_BINARY. This data type is informational only, and does not affect the compression algorithm.

Note: Future versions of the LSB may remove this requirement, since it is based on an outdated character set that does not support Internationalization, and does not affect the algorithm. It is included for information only at this release. Applications should not depend on this field.

Flush Operation

The parameter flush determines when compressed bits are added to the output buffer in next_out. If flush is Z_NO_FLUSH, deflate() may return with some data pending output, and not yet added to the output buffer.

If flush is Z_SYNC_FLUSH, deflate() shall flush all pending output to next_out and align the output to a byte boundary. A synchronization point is generated in the output.

If flush is Z_FULL_FLUSH, all output shall be flushed, as for Z_SYNC_FLUSH, and the compression state shall be reset. A synchronization point is generated in the output.

Rationale: Z_SYNC_FLUSH is intended to ensure that the compressed data contains all the data compressed so far, and allows a decompressor to reconstruct all of the input data. Z_FULL_FLUSH allows decompression to restart from this point if the previous compressed data has been lost or damaged. Flushing is likely to degrade the performance of the compression system, and should only be used where necessary.

If flush is set to Z_FINISH, all pending input shall be processed and deflate() shall return with Z_STREAM_END if there is sufficient space in the output buffer at next_out, as indicated by avail_out. If deflate() is called with flush set to Z_FINISH and there is insufficient space to store the compressed data, and no other error has occurred during compression, deflate() shall return Z_OK, and the application should call deflate() again with flush unchanged, and having updated next_out and avail_out.

If all the compression is to be done in a single step, deflate() may be called with flush set to Z_FINISH immediately after the stream has been initialized if avail_out is set to at least the value returned by deflateBound().

Return Value

On success, deflate() shall return Z_OK, unless flush was set to Z_FINISH and there was sufficient space in the output buffer to compress all of the input data. In this case, deflate() shall return Z_STREAM_END. On error, deflate() shall return a value to indicate the error.

Note: If deflate() returns Z_OK and has set avail_out to zero, the function should be called again with the same value for flush, and with updated next_out and avail_out until deflate() returns with Z_OK (or Z_STREAM_END if flush is set to Z_FINISH) and a non-zero avail_out.

Errors

On error, deflate() shall return a value as described below, and set the msg field of stream to point to a string describing the error:

Z_BUF_ERROR

No progress is possible; either avail_in or avail_out was zero.

Z_MEM_ERROR

Insufficient memory.

Z_STREAM_ERROR

The state (as represented in stream) is inconsistent, or stream was NULL.

deflateBound

Name

deflateBound -- compute compressed data size

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int deflateBound(z_streamp stream, uLong sourceLen);

Description

The deflateBound() function shall estimate the size of buffer required to compress sourceLen bytes of data. If successful, the value returned shall be an upper bound for the size of buffer required to compress sourceLen bytes of data, using the parameters stored in stream, in a single call to deflate() with flush set to Z_FINISH.

On entry, stream should have been initialized via a call to deflateInit_() or deflateInit2_().

Return Value

The deflateBound() shall return a value representing the upper bound of an array to allocate to hold the compressed data in a single call to deflate(). If the stream is not correctly initialized, or is NULL, then deflateBound() may return a conservative value that may be larger than sourceLen.

Errors

None defined.

deflateCopy

Name

deflateCopy -- copy compression stream

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int deflateCopy(z_streamp dest, z_streamp source);

Description

The deflateCopy() function shall copy the compression state information in source to the uninitialized z_stream structure referenced by dest.

On successful return, dest will be an exact copy of the stream referenced by source. The input and output buffer pointers in next_in and next_out will reference the same data.

Return Value

On success, deflateCopy() shall return Z_OK. Otherwise it shall return a value less than zero to indicate the error.

Errors

On error, deflateCopy() shall return a value as described below:

Z_STREAM_ERROR

The state in source is inconsistent, or either source or dest was NULL.

Z_MEM_ERROR

Insufficient memory available.

Application Usage (informative)

This function can be useful when several compression strategies will be tried, for example when there are several ways of pre-processing the input data with a filter. The streams that will be discarded should then be freed by calling deflateEnd(). Note that deflateCopy() duplicates the internal compression state which can be quite large, so this strategy may be slow and can consume lots of memory.

deflateEnd

Name

deflateEnd -- free compression stream state

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int deflateEnd(z_streamp stream);

Description

The deflateEnd() function shall free all allocated state information referenced by stream. All pending output is discarded, and unprocessed input is ignored.

Return Value

On success, deflateEnd() shall return Z_OK, or Z_DATA_ERROR if there was pending output discarded or input unprocessed. Otherwise it shall return Z_STREAM_ERROR to indicate the error.

Errors

On error, deflateEnd() shall return Z_STREAM_ERROR. The following conditions shall be treated as an error:

  • The state in stream is inconsistent or inappropriate.

  • stream is NULL.

deflateInit2_

Name

deflateInit2_ -- initialize compression system

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int deflateInit2_ (z_streamp strm, int level, int method, int windowBits, int memLevel, int strategy, char * version, int stream_size);

Description

The deflateInit2_() function shall initialize the compression system. On entry, strm shall refer to a user supplied z_stream object (a z_stream_s structure). The following fields shall be set on entry:

zalloc

a pointer to an alloc_func function, used to allocate state information. If this is NULL, a default allocation function will be used.

zfree

a pointer to a free_func function, used to free memory allocated by the zalloc function. If this is NULL a default free function will be used.

opaque

If alloc_func is not NULL, opaque is a user supplied pointer to data that will be passed to the alloc_func and free_func functions.

If the version requested is not compatible with the version implemented, or if the size of the z_stream_s structure provided in stream_size does not match the size in the library implementation, deflateInit2_() shall fail, and return Z_VERSION_ERROR.

The level supplied shall be a value between 0 and 9, or the value Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION. A level of 1 requests the highest speed, while a level of 9 requests the highest compression. A level of 0 indicates that no compression should be used, and the output shall be the same as the input.

The method selects the compression algorithm to use. LSB conforming implementation shall support the Z_DEFLATED method, and may support other implementation defined methods.

The windowBits parameter shall be a base 2 logarithm of the window size to use, and shall be a value between 8 and 15. A smaller value will use less memory, but will result in a poorer compression ratio, while a higher value will give better compression but utilize more memory.

The memLevel parameter specifies how much memory to use for the internal state. The value of memLevel shall be between 1 and MAX_MEM_LEVEL. Smaller values use less memory but are slower, while higher values use more memory to gain compression speed.

The strategy parameter selects the compression strategy to use:

Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY

use the system default compression strategy. Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY is particularly appropriate for text data.

Z_FILTERED

use a compression strategy tuned for data consisting largely of small values with a fairly random distribution. Z_FILTERED uses more Huffman encoding and less string matching than Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY.

Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY

force Huffman encoding only, with no string match.

The deflateInit2_() function is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard. Source applications should use the deflateInit2() macro.

Return Value

On success, the deflateInit2_() function shall return Z_OK. Otherwise, deflateInit2_() shall return a value as described below to indicate the error.

Errors

On error, deflateInit2_() shall return one of the following error indicators:

Z_STREAM_ERROR

Invalid parameter.

Z_MEM_ERROR

Insufficient memory available.

Z_VERSION_ERROR

The version requested is not compatible with the library version, or the z_stream size differs from that used by the library.

In addition, the msg field of the strm may be set to an error message.

deflateInit_

Name

deflateInit_ -- initialize compression system

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int deflateInit_(z_streamp stream, int level, const char * version, int stream_size);

Description

The deflateInit_() function shall initialize the compression system. On entry, stream shall refer to a user supplied z_stream object (a z_stream_s structure). The following fields shall be set on entry:

zalloc

a pointer to an alloc_func function, used to allocate state information. If this is NULL, a default allocation function will be used.

zfree

a pointer to a free_func function, used to free memory allocated by the zalloc function. If this is NULL a default free function will be used.

opaque

If alloc_func is not NULL, opaque is a user supplied pointer to data that will be passed to the alloc_func and free_func functions.

If the version requested is not compatible with the version implemented, or if the size of the z_stream_s structure provided in stream_size does not match the size in the library implementation, deflateInit_() shall fail, and return Z_VERSION_ERROR.

The level supplied shall be a value between 0 and 9, or the value Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION. A level of 1 requests the highest speed, while a level of 9 requests the highest compression. A level of 0 indicates that no compression should be used, and the output shall be the same as the input.

The deflateInit_() function is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard. Source applications should use the deflateInit() macro.

The deflateInit_() function is equivalent to

 deflateInit2_(stream, level, Z_DEFLATED, MAX_WBITS, DEF_MEM_LEVEL,
                         Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY, version, stream_size);

Return Value

On success, the deflateInit_() function shall return Z_OK. Otherwise, deflateInit_() shall return a value as described below to indicate the error.

Errors

On error, deflateInit_() shall return one of the following error indicators:

Z_STREAM_ERROR

Invalid parameter.

Z_MEM_ERROR

Insufficient memory available.

Z_VERSION_ERROR

The version requested is not compatible with the library version, or the z_stream size differs from that used by the library.

In addition, the msg field of the stream may be set to an error message.

deflateParams

Name

deflateParams -- set compression parameters

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int deflateParams(z_streamp stream, int level, int strategy);

Description

The deflateParams() function shall dynamically alter the compression parameters for the compression stream object stream. On entry, stream shall refer to a user supplied z_stream object (a z_stream_s structure), already initialized via a call to deflateInit_() or deflateInit2_().

The level supplied shall be a value between 0 and 9, or the value Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION. A level of 1 requests the highest speed, while a level of 9 requests the highest compression. A level of 0 indicates that no compression should be used, and the output shall be the same as the input. If the compression level is altered by deflateParams(), and some data has already been compressed with this stream (i.e. total_in is not zero), and the new level requires a different underlying compression method, then stream shall be flushed by a call to deflate().

The strategy parameter selects the compression strategy to use:

Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY

use the system default compression strategy. Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY is particularly appropriate for text data.

Z_FILTERED

use a compression strategy tuned for data consisting largely of small values with a fairly random distribution. Z_FILTERED uses more Huffman encoding and less string matching than Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY.

Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY

force Huffman encoding only, with no string match.

Return Value

On success, the deflateParams() function shall return Z_OK. Otherwise, deflateParams() shall return a value as described below to indicate the error.

Errors

On error, deflateParams() shall return one of the following error indicators:

Z_STREAM_ERROR

Invalid parameter.

Z_MEM_ERROR

Insufficient memory available.

Z_BUF_ERROR

Insufficient space in stream to flush the current output.

In addition, the msg field of the strm may be set to an error message.

Application Usage (Informative)

Applications should ensure that the stream is flushed, e.g. by a call to deflate(stream, Z_SYNC_FLUSH) before calling deflateParams(), or ensure that there is sufficient space in next_out (as identified by avail_out) to ensure that all pending output and all uncompressed input can be flushed in a single call to deflate().

Rationale: Although the deflateParams() function should flush pending output and compress all pending input, the result is unspecified if there is insufficient space in the output buffer. Applications should only call deflateParams() when the stream is effectively empty (flushed).

The deflateParams() can be used to switch between compression and straight copy of the input data, or to switch to a different kind of input data requiring a different strategy.

deflateReset

Name

deflateReset -- reset compression stream state

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int deflateReset(z_streamp stream);

Description

The deflateReset() function shall reset all state associated with stream. All pending output shall be discarded, and the counts of processed bytes (total_in and total_out) shall be reset to zero.

Return Value

On success, deflateReset() shall return Z_OK. Otherwise it shall return Z_STREAM_ERROR to indicate the error.

Errors

On error, deflateReset() shall return Z_STREAM_ERROR. The following conditions shall be treated as an error:

  • The state in stream is inconsistent or inappropriate.

  • stream is NULL.

deflateSetDictionary

Name

deflateSetDictionary -- initialize compression dictionary

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int deflateSetDictionary(z_streamp stream, const Bytef * dictionary, uInt dictlen);

Description

The deflateSetDictionary() function shall initialize the compression dictionary associated with stream using the dictlen bytes referenced by dictionary.

The implementation may silently use a subset of the provided dictionary if the dictionary cannot fit in the current window associated with stream (see deflateInit2_()). The application should ensure that the dictionary is sorted such that the most commonly used strings occur at the end of the dictionary.

If the dictionary is successfully set, the Adler32 checksum of the entire provided dictionary shall be stored in the adler member of stream. This value may be used by the decompression system to select the correct dictionary. The compression and decompression systems must use the same dictionary.

stream shall reference an initialized compression stream, with total_in zero (i.e. no data has been compressed since the stream was initialized).

Return Value

On success, deflateSetDictionary() shall return Z_OK. Otherwise it shall return Z_STREAM_ERROR to indicate an error.

Errors

On error, deflateSetDictionary() shall return a value as described below:

Z_STREAM_ERROR

The state in stream is inconsistent, or stream was NULL.

Application Usage (informative)

The application should provide a dictionary consisting of strings {{{ed note: do we really mean "strings"? Null terminated?}}} that are likely to be encountered in the data to be compressed. The application should ensure that the dictionary is sorted such that the most commonly used strings occur at the end of the dictionary.

The use of a dictionary is optional; however if the data to be compressed is relatively short and has a predictable structure, the use of a dictionary can substantially improve the compression ratio.

get_crc_table

Name

get_crc_table -- generate a table for crc calculations

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

const uLongf * get_crc_table(void);

Description

Generate tables for a byte-wise 32-bit CRC calculation based on the polynomial: x32+x26+x23+x22+x16+x12+x11+x10+x8+x7+x5+x4+x2+x+1

In a multi-threaded application, get_crc_table() should be called by one thread to initialize the tables before any other thread calls any libz function.

Return Value

The get_crc_table() function shall return a pointer to the first of a set of tables used internally to calculate CRC-32 values (see crc32()).

Errors

None defined.

gzclose

Name

gzclose -- close a compressed file stream

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int gzclose (gzFile file );

Description

The gzclose() function shall close the compressed file stream file. If file was open for writing, gzclose() shall first flush any pending output. Any state information allocated shall be freed.

Return Value

On success, gzclose() shall return Z_OK. Otherwise, gzclose() shall return an error value as described below.

Errors

On error, gzclose() may set the global variable errno to indicate the error. The gzclose() shall return a value other than Z_OK on error.

Z_STREAM_ERROR

file was NULL (or Z_NULL), or did not refer to an open compressed file stream.

Z_ERRNO

An error occurred in the underlying base libraries, and the application should check errno for further information.

Z_BUF_ERROR

no compression progress is possible during buffer flush (see deflate()).

gzdopen

Name

gzdopen -- open a compressed file

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

gzFile gzdopen ( int fd, const char *mode );

Description

The gzdopen() function shall attempt to associate the open file referenced by fd with a gzFile object. The mode argument is based on that of fopen(), but the mode parameter may also contain the following characters:

digit

set the compression level to digit. A low value (e.g. 1) means high speed, while a high value (e.g. 9) means high compression. A compression level of 0 (zero) means no compression. See defaultInit2_() for further details.

[fhR]

set the compression strategy to [fhR]. The letter f corresponds to filtered data, the letter h corresponds to Huffman only compression, and the letter R corresponds to Run Length Encoding. See defaultInit2_() for further details.

If fd refers to an uncompressed file, and mode refers to a read mode, gzdopen() shall attempt to open the file and return a gzFile object suitable for reading directly from the file without any decompression.

If mode is NULL, or if mode does not contain one of r, w, or a, gzdopen() shall return Z_NULL, and need not set any other error condition.

Example

gzdopen(fileno(stdin), "r");
Attempt to associate the standard input with a gzFile object.

Return Value

On success, gzdopen() shall return a gzFile object. On failure, gzdopen() shall return Z_NULL and may set errno accordingly.

Note: At version 1.2.2, zlib does not set errno for several error conditions. Applications may not be able to determine the cause of an error.

Errors

On error, gzdopen() may set the global variable errno to indicate the error.

gzeof

Name

gzeof -- check for end-of-file on a compressed file stream

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int gzeof (gzFile file );

Description

The gzeof() function shall test the compressed file stream file for end of file.

Return Value

If file was open for reading and end of file has been reached, gzeof() shall return 1. Otherwise, gzeof() shall return 0.

Errors

None defined.

gzerror

Name

gzerror -- decode an error on a compressed file stream

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

const char * gzerror (gzFile file, int * errnum);

Description

The gzerror() function shall return a string describing the last error to have occurred associated with the open compressed file stream referred to by file. It shall also set the location referenced by errnum to an integer value that further identifies the error.

Return Value

The gzerror() function shall return a string that describes the last error associated with the given file compressed file stream. This string shall have the format "%s: %s", with the name of the file, followed by a colon, a space, and the description of the error. If the compressed file stream was opened by a call to gzdopen(), the format of the filename is unspecified.

Rationale: Although in all current implementations of libz file descriptors are named "<fd:%d>", the code suggests that this is for debugging purposes only, and may change in a future release.

It is unspecified if the string returned is determined by the setting of the LC_MESSAGES category in the current locale.

Errors

None defined.

gzflush

Name

gzflush -- flush a compressed file stream

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int gzflush(gzFile file, int flush);

Description

The gzflush() function shall flush pending output to the compressed file stream identified by file, which must be open for writing.

Flush Operation

The parameter flush determines which compressed bits are added to the output file. If flush is Z_NO_FLUSH, gzflush() may return with some data pending output, and not yet written to the file.

If flush is Z_SYNC_FLUSH, gzflush() shall flush all pending output to file and align the output to a byte boundary. There may still be data pending compression that is not flushed.

If flush is Z_FULL_FLUSH, all output shall be flushed, as for Z_SYNC_FLUSH, and the compression state shall be reset. There may still be data pending compression that is not flushed.

Rationale: Z_SYNC_FLUSH is intended to ensure that the compressed data contains all the data compressed so far, and allows a decompressor to reconstruct all of the input data. Z_FULL_FLUSH allows decompression to restart from this point if the previous compressed data has been lost or damaged. Flushing is likely to degrade the performance of the compression system, and should only be used where necessary.

If flush is set to Z_FINISH, all pending uncompressed data shall be compressed and all output shall be flushed.

Return Value

On success, gzflush() shall return the value Z_OK. Otherwise gzflush() shall return a value to indicate the error, and may set the error number associated with the compressed file stream file.

Note: If flush is set to Z_FINISH and the flush operation is successful, gzflush() will return Z_OK, but the compressed file stream error value may be set to Z_STREAM_END.

Errors

On error, gzwrite() shall return an error value, and may set the error number associated with the stream identified by file to indicate the error. Applications may use gzerror() to access this error value.

Z_ERRNO

An underlying base library function has indicated an error. The global variable errno may be examined for further information.

Z_STREAM_ERROR

The stream is invalid, is not open for writing, or is in an invalid state.

Z_BUF_ERROR

no compression progress is possible (see deflate()).

Z_MEM_ERROR

Insufficient memory available to compress.

gzgetc

Name

gzgetc -- read a character from a compressed file

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int gzgetc (gzFile file);

Description

The gzgetc() function shall read the next single character from the compressed file stream referenced by file, which shall have been opened in a read mode (see gzopen() and gzdopen()).

Return Value

On success, gzgetc() shall return the uncompressed character read, otherwise, on end of file or error, gzgetc() shall return -1.

Errors

On end of file or error, gzgetc() shall return -1. Further information can be found by calling gzerror() with a pointer to the compressed file stream.

gzgets

Name

gzgets -- read a string from a compressed file

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

char * gzgets (gzFile file, char * buf, int len);

Description

The gzgets() function shall attempt to read data from the compressed file stream file, uncompressing it into buf until either len-1 bytes have been inserted into buf, or until a newline character has been uncompressed into buf. A null byte shall be appended to the uncompressed data. The file shall have been opened in for reading (see gzopen() and gzdopen()).

Return Value

On success, gzgets() shall return a pointer to buf. Otherwise, gzgets() shall return Z_NULL. Applications may examine the cause using gzerror().

Errors

On error, gzgets() shall return Z_NULL. The following conditions shall always be treated as an error:

file is NULL, or does not refer to a file open for reading;
buf is NULL;
len is less than or equal to zero.

gzopen

Name

gzopen -- open a compressed file

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

gzFile gzopen (const char *path , const char *mode );

Description

The gzopen() function shall open the compressed file named by path. The mode argument is based on that of fopen(), but the mode parameter may also contain the following characters:

digit

set the compression level to digit. A low value (e.g. 1) means high speed, while a high value (e.g. 9) means high compression. A compression level of 0 (zero) means no compression. See defaultInit2_() for further details.

[fhR]

set the compression strategy to [fhR]. The letter f corresponds to filtered data, the letter h corresponds to Huffman only compression, and the letter R corresponds to Run Length Encoding. See defaultInit2_() for further details.

If path refers to an uncompressed file, and mode refers to a read mode, gzopen() shall attempt to open the file and return a gzFile object suitable for reading directly from the file without any decompression.

If path or mode is NULL, or if mode does not contain one of r, w, or a, gzopen() shall return Z_NULL, and need not set any other error condition.

The gzFile object is also referred to as a compressed file stream.

Example

gzopen("file.gz", "w6h");
Attempt to create a new compressed file, file.gz, at compression level 6 using Huffman only compression.

Return Value

On success, gzopen() shall return a gzFile object (also known as a compressed file stream). On failure, gzopen() shall return Z_NULL and may set errno accordingly.

Note: At version 1.2.2, zlib does not set errno for several error conditions. Applications may not be able to determine the cause of an error.

Errors

On error, gzopen() may set the global variable errno to indicate the error.

gzprintf

Name

gzprintf -- format data and compress

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int gzprintf (gzFile file, const char * fmt, ...);

Description

The gzprintf() function shall format data as for fprintf(), and write the resulting string to the compressed file stream file.

Return Value

The gzprintf() function shall return the number of uncompressed bytes actually written, or a value less than or equal to 0 in the event of an error.

Errors

If file is NULL, or refers to a compressed file stream that has not been opened for writing, gzprintf() shall return Z_STREAM_ERROR. Otherwise, errors are as for gzwrite().

gzputc

Name

gzputc -- write character to a compressed file

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int gzputc (gzFile file, int c);

Description

The gzputc() function shall write the single character c, converted from integer to unsigned character, to the compressed file referenced by file, which shall have been opened in a write mode (see gzopen() and gzdopen()).

Return Value

On success, gzputc() shall return the value written, otherwise gzputc() shall return -1.

Errors

On error, gzputc() shall return -1.

gzputs

Name

gzputs -- string write to a compressed file

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int gzputs (gzFile file, const char * s);

Description

The gzputs() function shall write the null terminated string s to the compressed file referenced by file, which shall have been opened in a write mode (see gzopen() and gzdopen()). The terminating null character shall not be written. The gzputs() function shall return the number of uncompressed bytes actually written.

Return Value

On success, gzputs() shall return the number of uncompressed bytes actually written to file. On error gzputs() shall return a value less than or equal to 0. Applications may examine the cause using gzerror().

Errors

On error, gzputs() shall set the error number associated with the stream identified by file to indicate the error. Applications should use gzerror() to access this error value. If file is NULL, gzputs() shall return Z_STREAM_ERR.

Z_ERRNO

An underlying base library function has indicated an error. The global variable errno may be examined for further information.

Z_STREAM_ERROR

The stream is invalid, is not open for writing, or is in an invalid state.

Z_BUF_ERROR

no compression progress is possible (see deflate()).

Z_MEM_ERROR

Insufficient memory available to compress.

gzread

Name

gzread -- read from a compressed file

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int gzread (gzFile file, voidp buf, unsigned int len);

Description

The gzread() function shall read data from the compressed file referenced by file, which shall have been opened in a read mode (see gzopen() and gzdopen()). The gzread() function shall read data from file, and uncompress it into buf. At most, len bytes of uncompressed data shall be copied to buf. If the file is not compressed, gzread() shall simply copy data from file to buf without alteration.

Return Value

On success, gzread() shall return the number of bytes decompressed into buf. If gzread() returns 0, either the end-of-file has been reached or an underlying read error has occurred. Applications should use gzerror() or gzeof() to determine which occurred. On other errors, gzread() shall return a value less than 0 and and applications may examine the cause using gzerror().

Errors

On error, gzread() shall set the error number associated with the stream identified by file to indicate the error. Applications should use gzerror() to access this error value.

Z_ERRNO

An underlying base library function has indicated an error. The global variable errno may be examined for further information.

Z_STREAM_END

End of file has been reached on input.

Z_DATA_ERROR

A CRC error occurred when reading data; the file is corrupt.

Z_STREAM_ERROR

The stream is invalid, or is in an invalid state.

Z_NEED_DICT

A dictionary is needed (see inflateSetDictionary()).

Z_MEM_ERROR

Insufficient memory available to decompress.

gzrewind

Name

gzrewind -- reset the file-position indicator on a compressed file stream

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int gzrewind(gzFile file);

Description

The gzrewind() function shall set the starting position for the next read on compressed file stream file to the beginning of file. file must be open for reading.

gzrewind() is equivalent to

(int)gzseek(file, 0L, SEEK_SET)
.

Return Value

On success, gzrewind() shall return 0. On error, gzrewind() shall return -1, and may set the error value for file accordingly.

Errors

On error, gzrewind() shall return -1, indicating that file is NULL, or does not represent an open compressed file stream, or represents a compressed file stream that is open for writing and is not currently at the beginning of file.

gzseek

Name

gzseek -- reposition a file-position indicator in a compressed file stream

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

z_off_t gzseek(gzFile file, z_off_t offset, int whence);

Description

The gzseek() function shall set the file-position indicator for the compressed file stream file. The file-position indicator controls where the next read or write operation on the compressed file stream shall take place. The offset indicates a byte offset in the uncompressed data. The whence parameter may be one of:

SEEK_SET

the offset is relative to the start of the uncompressed data.

SEEK_CUR

the offset is relative to the current positition in the uncompressed data.

Note: The value SEEK_END need not be supported.

If the file is open for writing, the new offset must be greater than or equal to the current offset. In this case, gzseek() shall compress a sequence of null bytes to fill the gap from the previous offset to the new offset.

Return Value

On success, gzseek() shall return the resulting offset in the file expressed as a byte position in the uncompressed data stream. On error, gzseek() shall return -1, and may set the error value for file accordingly.

Errors

On error, gzseek() shall return -1. The following conditions shall always result in an error:

  • file is NULL

  • file does not represent an open compressed file stream.

  • file refers to a compressed file stream that is open for writing, and the newly computed offset is less than the current offset.

  • The newly computed offset is less than zero.

  • whence is not one of the supported values.

Application Usage (informative)

If file is open for reading, the implementation may still need to uncompress all of the data up to the new offset. As a result, gzseek() may be extremely slow in some circumstances.

gzsetparams

Name

gzsetparams -- dynamically set compression parameters

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int gzsetparams (gzFile file, int level, int strategy);

Description

The gzsetparams() function shall set the compression level and compression strategy on the compressed file stream referenced by file. The compressed file stream shall have been opened in a write mode. The level and strategy are as defined in deflateInit2_. If there is any data pending writing, it shall be flushed before the parameters are updated.

Return Value

On success, the gzsetparams() function shall return Z_OK.

Errors

On error, gzsetparams() shall return one of the following error indications:

Z_STREAM_ERROR

Invalid parameter, or file not open for writing.

Z_BUF_ERROR

An internal inconsistency was detected while flushing the previous buffer.

gztell

Name

gztell -- find position on a compressed file stream

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

z_off_t gztell (gzFile file );

Description

The gztell() function shall return the starting position for the next read or write operation on compressed file stream file. This position represents the number of bytes from the beginning of file in the uncompressed data.

gztell() is equivalent to

gzseek(file, 0L, SEEK_SET)
.

Return Value

gztell() shall return the current offset in the file expressed as a byte position in the uncompressed data stream. On error, gztell() shall return -1, and may set the error value for file accordingly.

Errors

On error, gztell() shall return -1, indicating that file is NULL, or does not represent an open compressed file stream.

gzwrite

Name

gzwrite -- write to a compressed file

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int gzwrite (gzFile file, voidpc buf, unsigned int len);

Description

The gzwrite() function shall write data to the compressed file referenced by file, which shall have been opened in a write mode (see gzopen() and gzdopen()). On entry, buf shall point to a buffer containing lenbytes of uncompressed data. The gzwrite() function shall compress this data and write it to file. The gzwrite() function shall return the number of uncompressed bytes actually written.

Return Value

On success, gzwrite() shall return the number of uncompressed bytes actually written to file. On error gzwrite() shall return a value less than or equal to 0. Applications may examine the cause using gzerror().

Errors

On error, gzwrite() shall set the error number associated with the stream identified by file to indicate the error. Applications should use gzerror() to access this error value.

Z_ERRNO

An underlying base library function has indicated an error. The global variable errno may be examined for further information.

Z_STREAM_ERROR

The stream is invalid, is not open for writing, or is in an invalid state.

Z_BUF_ERROR

no compression progress is possible (see deflate()).

Z_MEM_ERROR

Insufficient memory available to compress.

inflate

Name

inflate -- decompress data

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int inflate(z_streamp stream, int flush);

Description

The inflate() function shall attempt to decompress data until either the input buffer is empty or the output buffer is full. The stream references a z_stream structure. Before the first call to inflate(), this structure should have been initialized by a call to inflateInit2_().

Note: inflateInit2_() is only in the binary standard; source level applications should initialize stream via a call to inflateInit() or inflateInit2().

In addition, the stream input and output buffers should have been initialized as follows:

next_in

should point to the data to be decompressed.

avail_in

should contain the number of bytes of data in the buffer referenced by next_in.

next_out

should point to a buffer where decompressed data may be placed.

avail_out

should contain the size in bytes of the buffer referenced by next_out

The inflate() function shall perform one or both of the following actions:

  1. Decompress input data from next_in and update next_in, avail_in and total_in to reflect the data that has been decompressed.

  2. Fill the output buffer referenced by next_out, and update next_out, avail_out, and total_out to reflect the decompressed data that has been placed there. If flush is not Z_NO_FLUSH, and avail_out indicates that there is still space in output buffer, this action shall always occur (see below for further details).

The inflate() function shall return when either avail_in reaches zero (indicating that all the input data has been compressed), or avail_out reaches zero (indicating that the output buffer is full).

On success, the inflate() function shall set the adler field of the stream to the Adler-32 checksum of all the input data compressed so far (represented by total_in).

Flush Operation

The parameter flush determines when uncompressed bytes are added to the output buffer in next_out. If flush is Z_NO_FLUSH, inflate() may return with some data pending output, and not yet added to the output buffer.

If flush is Z_SYNC_FLUSH, inflate() shall flush all pending output to next_out, and update next_out and avail_out accordingly.

If flush is set to Z_BLOCK, inflate() shall stop adding data to the output buffer if and when the next compressed block boundary is reached (see RFC 1951: DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification).

If flush is set to Z_FINISH, all of the compressed input shall be decompressed and added to the output. If there is insufficient output space (i.e. the compressed input data uncompresses to more than avail_out bytes), then inflate() shall fail and return Z_BUF_ERROR.

Return Value

On success, inflate() shall return Z_OK if decompression progress has been made, or Z_STREAM_END if all of the input data has been decompressed and there was sufficient space in the output buffer to store the uncompressed result. On error, inflate() shall return a value to indicate the error.

Note: If inflate() returns Z_OK and has set avail_out to zero, the function should be called again with the same value for flush, and with updated next_out and avail_out until inflate() returns with either Z_OK or Z_STREAM_END and a non-zero avail_out.

On success, inflate() shall set the adler to the Adler-32 checksum of the output produced so far (i.e. total_out bytes).

Errors

On error, inflate() shall return a value as described below, and may set the msg field of stream to point to a string describing the error:

Z_BUF_ERROR

No progress is possible; either avail_in or avail_out was zero.

Z_MEM_ERROR

Insufficient memory.

Z_STREAM_ERROR

The state (as represented in stream) is inconsistent, or stream was NULL.

Z_NEED_DICT

A preset dictionary is required. The adler field shall be set to the Adler-32 checksum of the dictionary chosen by the compressor.

inflateEnd

Name

inflateEnd -- free decompression stream state

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int inflateEnd(z_streamp stream);

Description

The inflateEnd() function shall free all allocated state information referenced by stream. All pending output is discarded, and unprocessed input is ignored.

Return Value

On success, inflateEnd() shall return Z_OK. Otherwise it shall return Z_STREAM_ERROR to indicate the error.

Errors

On error, inflateEnd() shall return Z_STREAM_ERROR. The following conditions shall be treated as an error:

  • The state in stream is inconsistent.

  • stream is NULL.

  • The zfree function pointer is NULL.

inflateInit2_

Name

inflateInit2_ -- initialize decompression system

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int inflateInit2_ (z_streamp strm, int windowBits, char * version, int stream_size);

Description

The inflateInit2_() function shall initialize the decompression system. On entry, strm shall refer to a user supplied z_stream object (a z_stream_s structure). The following fields shall be set on entry:

zalloc

a pointer to an alloc_func function, used to allocate state information. If this is NULL, a default allocation function will be used.

zfree

a pointer to a free_func function, used to free memory allocated by the zalloc function. If this is NULL a default free function will be used.

opaque

If alloc_func is not NULL, opaque is a user supplied pointer to data that will be passed to the alloc_func and free_func functions.

If the version requested is not compatible with the version implemented, or if the size of the z_stream_s structure provided in stream_size does not match the size in the library implementation, inflateInit2_() shall fail, and return Z_VERSION_ERROR.

The windowBits parameter shall be a base 2 logarithm of the maximum window size to use, and shall be a value between 8 and 15. If the input data was compressed with a larger window size, subsequent attempts to decompress this data will fail with Z_DATA_ERROR, rather than try to allocate a larger window.

The inflateInit2_() function is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard. Source applications should use the inflateInit2() macro.

Return Value

On success, the inflateInit2_() function shall return Z_OK. Otherwise, inflateInit2_() shall return a value as described below to indicate the error.

Errors

On error, inflateInit2_() shall return one of the following error indicators:

Z_STREAM_ERROR

Invalid parameter.

Z_MEM_ERROR

Insufficient memory available.

Z_VERSION_ERROR

The version requested is not compatible with the library version, or the z_stream size differs from that used by the library.

In addition, the msg field of the strm may be set to an error message.

inflateInit_

Name

inflateInit_ -- initialize decompression system

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int inflateInit_(z_streamp stream, const char * version, int stream_size);

Description

The inflateInit_() function shall initialize the decompression system. On entry, stream shall refer to a user supplied z_stream object (a z_stream_s structure). The following fields shall be set on entry:

zalloc

a pointer to an alloc_func function, used to allocate state information. If this is NULL, a default allocation function will be used.

zfree

a pointer to a free_func function, used to free memory allocated by the zalloc function. If this is NULL a default free function will be used.

opaque

If alloc_func is not NULL, opaque is a user supplied pointer to data that will be passed to the alloc_func and free_func functions.

If the version requested is not compatible with the version implemented, or if the size of the z_stream_s structure provided in stream_size does not match the size in the library implementation, inflateInit_() shall fail, and return Z_VERSION_ERROR.

The inflateInit_() function is not in the source standard; it is only in the binary standard. Source applications should use the inflateInit() macro.

The inflateInit_() shall be equivalent to

inflateInit2_(strm, DEF_WBITS, version, stream_size);

Return Value

On success, the inflateInit_() function shall return Z_OK. Otherwise, inflateInit_() shall return a value as described below to indicate the error.

Errors

On error, inflateInit_() shall return one of the following error indicators:

Z_STREAM_ERROR

Invalid parameter.

Z_MEM_ERROR

Insufficient memory available.

Z_VERSION_ERROR

The version requested is not compatible with the library version, or the z_stream size differs from that used by the library.

In addition, the msg field of the strm may be set to an error message.

inflateReset

Name

inflateReset -- reset decompression stream state

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int inflateReset(z_streamp stream);

Description

The inflateReset() function shall reset all state associated with stream. All pending output shall be discarded, and the counts of processed bytes (total_in and total_out) shall be reset to zero.

Return Value

On success, inflateReset() shall return Z_OK. Otherwise it shall return Z_STREAM_ERROR to indicate the error.

Errors

On error, inflateReset() shall return Z_STREAM_ERROR. The following conditions shall be treated as an error:

  • The state in stream is inconsistent or inappropriate.

  • stream is NULL.

inflateSetDictionary

Name

inflateSetDictionary -- initialize decompression dictionary

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int inflateSetDictionary(z_streamp stream, const Bytef * dictionary, uInt dictlen);

Description

The inflateSetDictionary() function shall initialize the decompression dictionary associated with stream using the dictlen bytes referenced by dictionary.

The inflateSetDictionary() function should be called immediately after a call to inflate() has failed with return value Z_NEED_DICT. The dictionary must have the same Adler-32 checksum as the dictionary used for the compression (see deflateSetDictionary()).

stream shall reference an initialized decompression stream, with total_in zero (i.e. no data has been decompressed since the stream was initialized).

Return Value

On success, inflateSetDictionary() shall return Z_OK. Otherwise it shall return a value as indicated below.

Errors

On error, inflateSetDictionary() shall return a value as described below:

Z_STREAM_ERROR

The state in stream is inconsistent, or stream was NULL.

Z_DATA_ERROR

The Adler-32 checksum of the supplied dictionary does not match that used for the compression.

Application Usage (informative)

The application should provide a dictionary consisting of strings {{{ed note: do we really mean "strings"? Null terminated?}}} that are likely to be encountered in the data to be compressed. The application should ensure that the dictionary is sorted such that the most commonly used strings occur at the end of the dictionary.

The use of a dictionary is optional; however if the data to be compressed is relatively short and has a predictable structure, the use of a dictionary can substantially improve the compression ratio.

inflateSync

Name

inflateSync -- advance compression stream to next sync point

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int inflateSync(z_streamp stream);

Description

The inflateSync() function shall advance through the compressed data in stream, skipping any invalid compressed data, until the next full flush point is reached, or all input is exhausted. See the description for deflate() with flush level Z_FULL_FLUSH. No output is placed in next_out.

Return Value

On success, inflateSync() shall return Z_OK, and update the next_in,, avail_in, and, total_in fields of stream to reflect the number of bytes of compressed data that have been skipped. Otherwise, inflateSync() shall return a value as described below to indicate the error.

Errors

On error, inflateSync() shall return a value as described below:

Z_STREAM_ERROR

The state (as represented in stream) is inconsistent, or stream was NULL.

Z_BUF_ERROR

There is no data available to skip over.

Z_DATA_ERROR

No sync point was found.

inflateSyncPoint

Name

inflateSyncPoint -- test for synchronization point

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int inflateSyncPoint(z_streamp stream);

Description

The inflateSyncPoint() function shall return a non-zero calue if the compressed data stream referenced by stream is at a synchronization point.

Return Value

If the compressed data in stream is at a synchronization point (see deflate() with a flush level of Z_SYNC_FLUSH or Z_FULL_FLUSH), inflateSyncPoint() shall return a non-zero value, other than Z_STREAM_ERROR. Otherwise, if the stream is valid, inflateSyncPoint() shall return 0. If stream is invalid, or in an invalid state, inflateSyncPoint() shall return Z_STREAM_ERROR to indicate the error.

Errors

On error, inflateSyncPoint() shall return a value as described below:

Z_STREAM_ERROR

The state (as represented in stream) is inconsistent, or stream was NULL.

uncompress

Name

uncompress -- uncompress data

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

int uncompress(Bytef * dest, uLongf * destLen, const Bytef * source, uLong sourceLen);

Description

The uncompress() function shall attempt to uncompress sourceLen bytes of data in the buffer source, placing the result in the buffer dest.

On entry, destLen should point to a value describing the size of the dest buffer. The application should ensure that this value is large enough to hold the entire uncompressed data.

Note: The LSB does not describe any mechanism by which a compressor can communicate the size required to the uncompressor.

On successful exit, the variable referenced by destLen shall be updated to hold the length of uncompressed data in dest.

Return Value

On success, uncompress() shall return Z_OK. Otherwise, uncompress() shall return a value to indicate the error.

Errors

On error, uncompress() shall return a value as described below:

Z_BUF_ERROR

The buffer dest was not large enough to hold the uncompressed data.

Z_MEM_ERROR

Insufficient memory.

Z_DATA_ERROR

The compressed data (referenced by source) was corrupted.

zError

Name

zError -- translate error number to string

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

const char * zError(int err);

Description

The zError() function shall return the string identifying the error associated with err. This allows for conversion from error code to string for functions such as compress() and uncompress(), that do not always set the string version of an error.

Return Value

The zError() function shall return a the string identifying the error associated with err, or NULL if err is not a valid error code.

It is unspecified if the string returned is determined by the setting of the LC_MESSAGES category in the current locale.

Errors

None defined.

zlibVersion

Name

zlibVersion -- discover library version at run time

Synopsis

#include <zlib.h>

const char * zlibVersion (void);

Description

The zlibVersion() function shall return the string identifying the interface version at the time the library was built.

Applications should compare the value returned from zlibVersion() with the macro constant ZLIB_VERSION for compatibility.

Return Value

The zlibVersion() function shall return a the string identifying the version of the library currently implemented.

Errors

None defined.


2.5. Interfaces for libncurses

Table 2-3 defines the library name and shared object name for the libncurses library

Table 2-3. libncurses Definition

Library:libncurses
SONAME:libncurses.so.5

The behavior of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following specifications:

X/Open Curses


2.5.1. Curses


2.5.1.1. Interfaces for Curses

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Curses specified in Table 2-4, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 2-4. libncurses - Curses Function Interfaces

addch [1]has_ic [1]mvwaddchnstr [1]scr_init [1]vwscanw [1]
addchnstr [1]has_il [1]mvwaddchstr [1]scr_restore [1]waddch [1]
addchstr [1]hline [1]mvwaddnstr [1]scr_set [1]waddchnstr [1]
addnstr [1]idcok [1]mvwaddstr [1]scrl [1]waddchstr [1]
addstr [1]idlok [1]mvwchgat [1]scroll [1]waddnstr [1]
attr_get [1]immedok [1]mvwdelch [1]scrollok [1]waddstr [1]
attr_off [1]inch [1]mvwgetch [1]set_curterm [1]wattr_get [1]
attr_on [1]inchnstr [1]mvwgetnstr [1]set_term [1]wattr_off [1]
attr_set [1]inchstr [1]mvwgetstr [1]setscrreg [1]wattr_on [1]
attroff [1]init_color [1]mvwhline [1]setupterm [1]wattr_set [1]
attron [1]init_pair [1]mvwin [1]slk_attr_set [1]wattroff [1]
attrset [1]initscr [1]mvwinch [1]slk_attroff [1]wattron [1]
baudrate [1]innstr [1]mvwinchnstr [1]slk_attron [1]wattrset [1]
beep [1]insch [1]mvwinchstr [1]slk_attrset [1]wbkgd [1]
bkgd [1]insdelln [1]mvwinnstr [1]slk_clear [1]wbkgdset [1]
bkgdset [1]insertln [1]mvwinsch [1]slk_color [1]wborder [1]
border [1]insnstr [1]mvwinsnstr [1]slk_init [1]wchgat [1]
box [1]insstr [1]mvwinsstr [1]slk_label [1]wclear [1]
can_change_color [1]instr [1]mvwinstr [1]slk_noutrefresh [1]wclrtobot [1]
cbreak [1]intrflush [1]mvwprintw [1]slk_refresh [1]wclrtoeol [1]
chgat [1]is_linetouched [1]mvwscanw [1]slk_restore [1]wcolor_set [1]
clear [1]is_wintouched [1]mvwvline [1]slk_set [1]wcursyncup [1]
clearok [1]isendwin [1]napms [1]slk_touch [1]wdelch [1]
clrtobot [1]keyname [1]newpad [1]standend [1]wdeleteln [1]
clrtoeol [1]keypad [1]newterm [1]standout [1]wechochar [1]
color_content [1]killchar [1]newwin [1]start_color [1]werase [1]
color_set [1]leaveok [1]nl [1]subpad [1]wgetch [1]
copywin [1]longname [1]nocbreak [1]subwin [1]wgetnstr [1]
curs_set [1]meta [1]nodelay [1]syncok [1]wgetstr [1]
def_prog_mode [1]move [1]noecho [1]termattrs [1]whline [1]
def_shell_mode [1]mvaddch [1]nonl [1]termname [1]winch [1]
del_curterm [1]mvaddchnstr [1]noqiflush [1]tgetent [1]winchnstr [1]
delay_output [1]mvaddchstr [1]noraw [1]tgetflag [1]winchstr [1]
delch [1]mvaddnstr [1]notimeout [1]tgetnum [1]winnstr [1]
deleteln [1]mvaddstr [1]overlay [1]tgetstr [1]winsch [1]
delscreen [1]mvchgat [1]overwrite [1]tgoto [1]winsdelln [1]
delwin [1]mvcur [1]pair_content [1]tigetflag [1]winsertln [1]
derwin [1]mvdelch [1]pechochar [1]tigetnum [1]winsnstr [1]
doupdate [1]mvderwin [1]pnoutrefresh [1]tigetstr [1]winsstr [1]
dupwin [1]mvgetch [1]prefresh [1]timeout [1]winstr [1]
echo [1]mvgetnstr [1]printw [1]touchline [1]wmove [1]
echochar [1]mvgetstr [1]putp [1]touchwin [1]wnoutrefresh [1]
endwin [1]mvhline [1]putwin [1]tparm [1]wprintw [1]
erase [1]mvinch [1]qiflush [1]tputs [1]wredrawln [1]
erasechar [1]mvinchnstr [1]raw [1]typeahead [1]wrefresh [1]
filter [1]mvinchstr [1]redrawwin [1]unctrl [1]wscanw [1]
flash [1]mvinnstr [1]refresh [1]ungetch [1]wscrl [1]
flushinp [1]mvinsch [1]reset_prog_mode [1]untouchwin [1]wsetscrreg [1]
getbkgd [1]mvinsnstr [1]reset_shell_mode [1]use_env [1]wstandend [1]
getch [1]mvinsstr [1]resetty [1]vidattr [1]wstandout [1]
getnstr [1]mvinstr [1]restartterm [1]vidputs [1]wsyncdown [1]
getstr [1]mvprintw [1]ripoffline [1]vline [1]wsyncup [1]
getwin [1]mvscanw [1]savetty [1]vw_printw [1]wtimeout [1]
halfdelay [1]mvvline [1]scanw [1]vw_scanw [1]wtouchln [1]
has_colors [1]mvwaddch [1]scr_dump [1]vwprintw [1]wvline [1]

Referenced Specification(s)

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic data interfaces for Curses specified in Table 2-5, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 2-5. libncurses - Curses Data Interfaces

COLORS [1]COLS [1]acs_map [1]curscr [1] 
COLOR_PAIRS [1]LINES [1]cur_term [1]stdscr [1] 

Referenced Specification(s)


2.6. Data Definitions for libncurses

This section defines global identifiers and their values that are associated with interfaces contained in libncurses. These definitions are organized into groups that correspond to system headers. This convention is used as a convenience for the reader, and does not imply the existence of these headers, or their content.

These definitions are intended to supplement those provided in the referenced underlying specifications.

This specification uses ISO/IEC 9899 C Language as the reference programming language, and data definitions are specified in ISO C format. The C language is used here as a convenient notation. Using a C language description of these data objects does not preclude their use by other programming languages.


2.6.1. curses.h


#define ERR	(-1)
#define OK	(0)
#define ACS_RARROW	(acs_map['+'])
#define ACS_LARROW	(acs_map[','])
#define ACS_UARROW	(acs_map['-'])
#define ACS_DARROW	(acs_map['.'])
#define ACS_BLOCK	(acs_map['0'])
#define ACS_CKBOARD	(acs_map['a'])
#define ACS_DEGREE	(acs_map['f'])
#define ACS_PLMINUS	(acs_map['g'])
#define ACS_BOARD	(acs_map['h'])
#define ACS_LANTERN	(acs_map['i'])
#define ACS_LRCORNER	(acs_map['j'])
#define ACS_URCORNER	(acs_map['k'])
#define ACS_ULCORNER	(acs_map['l'])
#define ACS_LLCORNER	(acs_map['m'])
#define ACS_PLUS	(acs_map['n'])
#define ACS_S1	(acs_map['o'])
#define ACS_HLINE	(acs_map['q'])
#define ACS_S9	(acs_map['s'])
#define ACS_LTEE	(acs_map['t'])
#define ACS_RTEE	(acs_map['u'])
#define ACS_BTEE	(acs_map['v'])
#define ACS_TTEE	(acs_map['w'])
#define ACS_VLINE	(acs_map['x'])
#define ACS_DIAMOND	(acs_map['`'])
#define ACS_BULLET	(acs_map['~'])
#define getmaxyx(win,y,x)	(y=(win)?((win)->_maxy+1):ERR,x=(win)?((win)->_maxx+1):ERR)
#define getbegyx(win,y,x)	(y=(win)?(win)->_begy:ERR,x=(win)?(win)->_begx:ERR)
#define getyx(win,y,x)	(y=(win)?(win)->_cury:ERR,x=(win)?(win)->_curx:ERR)
#define getparyx(win,y,x)	(y=(win)?(win)->_pary:ERR,x=(win)?(win)->_parx:ERR)

#define WA_ALTCHARSET	A_ALTCHARSET
#define WA_ATTRIBUTES	A_ATTRIBUTES
#define WA_BLINK	A_BLINK
#define WA_BOLD	A_BOLD
#define WA_DIM	A_DIM
#define WA_HORIZONTAL	A_HORIZONTAL
#define WA_INVIS	A_INVIS
#define WA_LEFT	A_LEFT
#define WA_LOW	A_LOW
#define WA_NORMAL	A_NORMAL
#define WA_PROTECT	A_PROTECT
#define WA_REVERSE	A_REVERSE
#define WA_RIGHT	A_RIGHT
#define WA_STANDOUT	A_STANDOUT
#define WA_TOP	A_TOP
#define WA_UNDERLINE	A_UNDERLINE
#define WA_VERTICAL	A_VERTICAL
#define A_REVERSE	NCURSES_BITS(1UL,10)

#define COLOR_BLACK	0
#define COLOR_RED	1
#define COLOR_GREEN	2
#define COLOR_YELLOW	3
#define COLOR_BLUE	4
#define COLOR_MAGENTA	5
#define COLOR_CYAN	6
#define COLOR_WHITE	7

#define _SUBWIN	0x01
#define _ENDLINE	0x02
#define _FULLWIN	0x04
#define _ISPAD	0x10
#define _HASMOVED	0x20

typedef unsigned char bool;

typedef unsigned long int chtype;
typedef struct screen SCREEN;
typedef struct _win_st WINDOW;
typedef chtype attr_t;
typedef struct
{
  attr_t attr;
  wchar_t chars[5];
}
cchar_t;
struct pdat
{
  short _pad_y;
  short _pad_x;
  short _pad_top;
  short _pad_left;
  short _pad_bottom;
  short _pad_right;
}
 ;

struct _win_st
{
  short _cury;
  short _curx;
  short _maxy;
  short _maxx;
  short _begy;
  short _begx;
  short _flags;
  attr_t _attrs;
  chtype _bkgd;
  bool _notimeout;
  bool _clear;
  bool _leaveok;
  bool _scroll;
  bool _idlok;
  bool _idcok;
  bool _immed;
  bool _sync;
  bool _use_keypad;
  int _delay;
  struct ldat *_line;
  short _regtop;
  short _regbottom;
  int _parx;
  int _pary;
  WINDOW *_parent;
  struct pdat _pad;
  short _yoffset;
  cchar_t _bkgrnd;
}
 ;
#define KEY_CODE_YES	0400
#define KEY_BREAK	0401
#define KEY_MIN	0401
#define KEY_DOWN	0402
#define KEY_UP	0403
#define KEY_LEFT	0404
#define KEY_RIGHT	0405
#define KEY_HOME	0406
#define KEY_BACKSPACE	0407
#define KEY_F0	0410
#define KEY_DL	0510
#define KEY_IL	0511
#define KEY_DC	0512
#define KEY_IC	0513
#define KEY_EIC	0514
#define KEY_CLEAR	0515
#define KEY_EOS	0516
#define KEY_EOL	0517
#define KEY_SF	0520
#define KEY_SR	0521
#define KEY_NPAGE	0522
#define KEY_PPAGE	0523
#define KEY_STAB	0524
#define KEY_CTAB	0525
#define KEY_CATAB	0526
#define KEY_ENTER	0527
#define KEY_SRESET	0530
#define KEY_RESET	0531
#define KEY_PRINT	0532
#define KEY_LL	0533
#define KEY_A1	0534
#define KEY_A3	0535
#define KEY_B2	0536
#define KEY_C1	0537
#define KEY_C3	0540
#define KEY_BTAB	0541
#define KEY_BEG	0542
#define KEY_CANCEL	0543
#define KEY_CLOSE	0544
#define KEY_COMMAND	0545
#define KEY_COPY	0546
#define KEY_CREATE	0547
#define KEY_END	0550
#define KEY_EXIT	0551
#define KEY_FIND	0552
#define KEY_HELP	0553
#define KEY_MARK	0554
#define KEY_MESSAGE	0555
#define KEY_MOVE	0556
#define KEY_NEXT	0557
#define KEY_OPEN	0560
#define KEY_OPTIONS	0561
#define KEY_PREVIOUS	0562
#define KEY_REDO	0563
#define KEY_REFERENCE	0564
#define KEY_REFRESH	0565
#define KEY_REPLACE	0566
#define KEY_RESTART	0567
#define KEY_RESUME	0570
#define KEY_SAVE	0571
#define KEY_SBEG	0572
#define KEY_SCANCEL	0573
#define KEY_SCOMMAND	0574
#define KEY_SCOPY	0575
#define KEY_SCREATE	0576
#define KEY_SDC	0577
#define KEY_SDL	0600
#define KEY_SELECT	0601
#define KEY_SEND	0602
#define KEY_SEOL	0603
#define KEY_SEXIT	0604
#define KEY_SFIND	0605
#define KEY_SHELP	0606
#define KEY_SHOME	0607
#define KEY_SIC	0610
#define KEY_SLEFT	0611
#define KEY_SMESSAGE	0612
#define KEY_SMOVE	0613
#define KEY_SNEXT	0614
#define KEY_SOPTIONS	0615
#define KEY_SPREVIOUS	0616
#define KEY_SPRINT	0617
#define KEY_SREDO	0620
#define KEY_SREPLACE	0621
#define KEY_SRIGHT	0622
#define KEY_SRSUME	0623
#define KEY_SSAVE	0624
#define KEY_SSUSPEND	0625
#define KEY_SUNDO	0626
#define KEY_SUSPEND	0627
#define KEY_UNDO	0630
#define KEY_MOUSE	0631
#define KEY_RESIZE	0632
#define KEY_MAX	0777

#define PAIR_NUMBER(a)	(((a)& A_COLOR)>>8)
#define NCURSES_BITS(mask,shift)	((mask)<<((shift)+8))
#define A_CHARTEXT	(NCURSES_BITS(1UL,0)-1UL)
#define A_NORMAL	0L
#define NCURSES_ATTR_SHIFT	8
#define A_COLOR	NCURSES_BITS(((1UL)<<8)-1UL,0)
#define A_BLINK	NCURSES_BITS(1UL,11)
#define A_DIM	NCURSES_BITS(1UL,12)
#define A_BOLD	NCURSES_BITS(1UL,13)
#define A_ALTCHARSET	NCURSES_BITS(1UL,14)
#define A_INVIS	NCURSES_BITS(1UL,15)
#define A_PROTECT	NCURSES_BITS(1UL,16)
#define A_HORIZONTAL	NCURSES_BITS(1UL,17)
#define A_LEFT	NCURSES_BITS(1UL,18)
#define A_LOW	NCURSES_BITS(1UL,19)
#define A_RIGHT	NCURSES_BITS(1UL,20)
#define A_TOP	NCURSES_BITS(1UL,21)
#define A_VERTICAL	NCURSES_BITS(1UL,22)
#define A_STANDOUT	NCURSES_BITS(1UL,8)
#define A_UNDERLINE	NCURSES_BITS(1UL,9)
#define COLOR_PAIR(n)	NCURSES_BITS(n,0)
#define A_ATTRIBUTES	NCURSES_BITS(~(1UL-1UL),0)

2.7. Interfaces for libutil

Table 2-6 defines the library name and shared object name for the libutil library

Table 2-6. libutil Definition

Library:libutil
SONAME:libutil.so.1

The behavior of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following specifications:

this specification


2.7.1. Utility Functions


2.7.1.1. Interfaces for Utility Functions

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the generic functions for Utility Functions specified in Table 2-7, with the full mandatory functionality as described in the referenced underlying specification.

Table 2-7. libutil - Utility Functions Function Interfaces

forkpty [1]login_tty [1]logwtmp [1]  
login [1]logout [1]openpty [1]  

Referenced Specification(s)


2.8. Interface Definitions for libutil

Table of Contents
forkpty -- Create a new process attached to an available pseudo-terminal
login -- login utility function
login_tty -- Prepare a terminal for login
logout -- logout utility function
logwtmp -- append an entry to the wtmp file
openpty -- find and open an available pseudo-terminal

The following interfaces are included in libutil and are defined by this specification. Unless otherwise noted, these interfaces shall be included in the source standard.

Other interfaces listed above for libutil shall behave as described in the referenced base document.

forkpty

Name

forkpty -- Create a new process attached to an available pseudo-terminal

Synopsis

#include <pty.h>

int forkpty(int * amaster, char * name, struct termios * termp, struct winsize * winp);

Description

The forkpty() function shall find and open a pseudo-terminal device pair in the same manner as the openpty() function. If a pseudo-terminal is available, forkpty() shall create a new process in the same manner as the fork() function, and prepares the new process for login in the same manner as login_tty().

If termp is not null, it shall refer to a termios structure that shall be used to initialize the characteristics of the slave device. If winp is not null, it shall refer to a winsize structure used to initialize the window size of the slave device.

Return Value

On success, the parent process shall return the process id of the child, and the child shall return 0. On error, no new process shall be created, -1 shall be returned, and errno shall be set appropriately. On success, the parent process shall receive the file descriptor of the master side of the pseudo-terminal in the location referenced by amaster, and, if name is not NULL, the filename of the slave device in name.

Errors

EAGAIN

Unable to create a new process.

ENOENT

There are no available pseudo-terminals.

ENOMEM

Insufficient memory was available.

login

Name

login -- login utility function

Synopsis

#include <utmp.h>

void login (struct utmp * ut );

Description

The login() function shall update the user accounting databases. The ut parameter shall reference a utmp structure for all fields except the following:

  1. The ut_type field shall be set to USER_PROCESS.

  2. The ut_pid field shall be set to the process identifier for the current process.

  3. The ut_line field shall be set to the name of the controlling terminal device. The name shall be found by examining the device associated with the standard input, output and error streams in sequence, until one associated with a terminal device is found. If none of these streams refers to a terminal device, the ut_line field shall be set to "???". If the terminal device is in the /dev directory hierarchy, the ut_line field shall not contain the leading "/dev/", otherwise it shall be set to the final component of the pathname of the device. If the user accounting database imposes a limit on the size of the ut_line field, it shall truncate the name, but any such limit shall not be smaller than UT_LINESIZE (including a terminating null character).

Return Value

None

Errors

None

login_tty

Name

login_tty -- Prepare a terminal for login

Synopsis

#include <utmp.h>

int login_tty (int fdr);

Description

The login_tty() function shall prepare the terminal device referenced by the file descriptor fdr. This function shall create a new session, make the terminal the controlling terminal for the current process, and set the standard input, output, and error streams of the current process to the terminal. If fdr is not the standard input, output or error stream, then login_tty() shall close fdr.

Return Value

On success, login_tty() shall return zero; otherwise -1 is returned, and errno shall be set appropriately.

Errors

ENOTTY

fdr does not refer to a terminal device.

logout

Name

logout -- logout utility function

Synopsis

#include <utmp.h>

int logout (const char * line );

Description

Given the device line, the logout() function shall search the user accounting database which is read by getutent() for an entry with the corresponding line, and with the type of USER_PROCESS. If a corresponding entry is located, it shall be updated as follows:

  1. The ut_name field shall be set to zeroes (UT_NAMESIZE NUL bytes).

  2. The ut_host field shall be set to zeroes (UT_HOSTSIZE NUL bytes).

  3. The ut_tv shall be set to the current time of day.

  4. The ut_type field shall be set to DEAD_PROCESS.

Return Value

On success, the logout() function shall return non-zero. Zero is returned if there was no entry to remove, or if the utmp file could not be opened or updated.

logwtmp

Name

logwtmp -- append an entry to the wtmp file

Synopsis

#include <utmp.h>

void logwtmp (const char * line , const char * name , const char * host );

Description

If the process has permission to update the user accounting databases, the logwtmp() function shall append a record to the user accounting database that records all logins and logouts. The record to be appended shall be constructed as follows:

  1. The ut_line field shall be initialized from line. If the user accounting database imposes a limit on the size of the ut_line field, it shall truncate the value, but any such limit shall not be smaller than UT_LINESIZE (including a terminating null character).

  2. The ut_name field shall be initialized from name. If the user accounting database imposes a limit on the size of the ut_name field, it shall truncate the value, but any such limit shall not be smaller than UT_NAMESIZE (including a terminating null character).

  3. The ut_host field shall be initialized from host. If the user accounting database imposes a limit on the size of the ut_host field, it shall truncate the value, but any such limit shall not be smaller than UT_HOSTSIZE (including a terminating null character).

  4. If the name parameter does not refer to an empty string (i.e. ""), the ut_type field shall be set to USER_PROCESS; otherwise the ut_type field shall be set to DEAD_PROCESS.

  5. The ut_id field shall be set to the process identifier for the current process.

  6. The ut_tv field shall be set to the current time of day.

Note: If a process does not have write access to the the user accounting database, the logwtmp() function will not update it. Since the function does not return any value, an application has no way of knowing whether it succeeded or failed.

Return Value

None.

openpty

Name

openpty -- find and open an available pseudo-terminal

Synopsis

#include <pty.h>

int openpty(int *amaster, int *aslave, char *name, struct termios *termp, struct winsize *winp);

Description

The openpty() function shall find an available pseudo-terminal and return file descriptors for the master and slave devices in the locations referenced by amaster and aslave respectively. If name is not NULL, the filename of the slave shall be placed in the user supplied buffer referenced by name. If termp is not NULL, it shall point to a termios structure used to initialize the terminal parameters of the slave pseudo-terminal device. If winp is not NULL, it shall point to a winsize structure used to initialize the window size parameters of the slave pseudo-terminal device.

Return Value

On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.

Errors

ENOENT

There are no available pseudo-terminals.

III. Commands and Utilities

Table of Contents
3. Commands and Utilities

Chapter 3. Commands and Utilities

3.1. Commands and Utilities

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the commands and utilities as described in Table 3-1, with at least the behavior described as mandatory in the referenced underlying specification, with the following execptions:

  1. If any operand (except one which follows --) starts with a hyphen, the behavior is unspecified.

    Rationale (Informative): Applications should place options before operands, or use --, as needed. This text is needed because, by default, GNU option parsing differs from POSIX, unless the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set. For example, ls . -a in GNU ls means to list the current directory, showing all files (that is, "." is an operand and -a is an option). In POSIX, "." and -a are both operands, and the command means to list the current directory, and also the file named -a. Suggesting that applications rely on the setting of the POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable, or try to set it, seems worse than just asking the applictions to invoke commands in ways which work with either the POSIX or GNU behaviors.

Table 3-1. Commands And Utilities

[ [1]dmesg [2]id [1]more [2]sleep [1]
ar [2]du [2]install [2]mount [2]sort [1]
at [2]echo [2]install_initd [2]msgfmt [2]split [1]
awk [2]ed [1]ipcrm [2]mv [1]strip [1]
basename [1]egrep [2]ipcs [2]newgrp [2]stty [1]
batch [2]env [1]join [1]nice [1]su [2]
bc [2]expand [1]kill [1]nl [1]sync [2]
cat [1]expr [1]killall [2]nohup [1]tail [1]
chfn [2]false [1]ln [1]od [2]tar [2]
chgrp [2]fgrep [2]locale [1]passwd [2]tee [1]
chmod [1]file [2]localedef [1]paste [1]test [1]
chown [2]find [2]logger [1]patch [2]time [1]
chsh [2]fold [1]logname [1]pathchk [1]touch [1]
cksum [1]fuser [2]lp [1]pax [1]tr [1]
cmp [1]gencat [1]lpr [2]pidof [2]true [1]
col [2]getconf [1]ls [2]pr [1]tsort [1]
comm [1]gettext [2]lsb_release [2]printf [1]tty [1]
cp [1]grep [2]lsbinstall [2]ps [1]umount [2]
cpio [2]groupadd [2]m4 [2]pwd [1]uname [1]
crontab [2]groupdel [2]mailx [1]remove_initd [2]unexpand [1]
csplit [1]groupmod [2]make [1]renice [2]uniq [1]
cut [2]groups [2]man [1]rm [1]useradd [2]
date [1]gunzip [2]md5sum [2]rmdir [1]userdel [2]
dd [1]gzip [2]mkdir [1]sed [2]usermod [2]
df [2]head [1]mkfifo [1]sendmail [2]wc [1]
diff [1]hostname [2]mknod [2]sh [1]xargs [2]
dirname [1]iconv [1]mktemp [2]shutdown [2] 

Referenced Specification(s)

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the shell built in utilities as described in Table 3-2, with at least the behavior described as mandatory in the referenced underlying specification, with the following execptions:

  1. The built in commands and utilities shall be provided by the sh utility itself, and need not be implemented in a manner so that they can be accessed via the exec family of functions as defined in ISO POSIX (2003) and should not be invoked directly by those standard utilities that execute other utilities ( env, find, nice, nohup, time, xargs).

    Rationale (Informative): Since the built in utilities must affect the environment of the calling process, they have no effect when executed as a file.

Table 3-2. Built In Utilities

cd [1]getopts [1]read [1]umask [1]wait [1]

Referenced Specification(s)


3.2. Command Behavior

Table of Contents
ar -- create and maintain library archives (DEPRECATED)
at -- examine or delete jobs for later execution
awk -- pattern scanning and processing language
batch -- schedule commands to be executed in a batch queue
bc -- An arbitrary precision calculator language
chfn -- change user name and information
chgrp -- change file group
chown -- change file owner and group
chsh -- change login shell
col -- filter reverse line feeds from input
cpio -- copy file archives in and out
crontab -- maintain crontab files for individual users
cut -- split a file into sections determined by context lines
df -- report filesystem disk space usage
dmesg -- print or control the system message buffer
du -- estimate file space usage
echo -- Write arguments to standard output
egrep -- search a file with an ERE pattern
fgrep -- search a file with a fixed pattern
file -- determine file type
find -- search for files in a directory hierarchy
fuser -- identify processes using files or sockets
gettext -- retrieve text string from message catalog
grep -- print lines matching a pattern
groupadd -- create a new group
groupdel -- delete a group
groupmod -- modify a group
groups -- display a group
gunzip -- uncompress files
gzip -- compress or expand files
hostname -- show or set the system's host name
install -- copy files and set attributes
install_initd -- install an init.d file
ipcrm -- Remove IPC Resources
ipcs -- provide information on ipc facilities
killall -- kill processes by name
lpr -- off line print
ls -- list directory contents
lsb_release -- print distribution specific information
lsbinstall -- installation tool for various types of data
m4 -- macro processor
md5sum -- generate or check MD5 message digests
mknod -- make special files
mktemp -- make temporary file name (unique)
more -- display files on a page-by-page basis
mount -- mount a file system
msgfmt -- create a message object from a message file
newgrp -- change group ID
od -- dump files in octal and other formats
passwd -- change user password
patch -- apply a diff file to an original
pidof -- find the process ID of a running program
remove_initd -- clean up boot script system modifications introduced by install_initd
renice -- alter priority of running processes
sed -- stream editor
sendmail -- an electronic mail transport agent
shutdown -- shut the system down
su -- change user ID or become super-user
sync -- flush filesystem buffers
tar -- file archiver
umount -- unmount file systems
useradd -- create a new user or update default new user information
userdel -- delete a user account and related files
usermod -- modify a user account
xargs -- build and execute command lines from standard input

This section contains descriptions for commands and utilities whose specified behavior in the LSB contradicts or extends the standards referenced. It also contains commands and utilities only required by the LSB and not specified by other standards.

ar

Name

ar -- create and maintain library archives (DEPRECATED)

Description

ar is deprecated from the LSB and is expected to disappear from a future version of the LSB.

Rationale: The LSB generally does not include software development utilities nor does it specify .o and .a file formats.

ar is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003) but with differences as listed below.

Differences

-T, -C

need not be accepted.

-l

has unspecified behavior.

-q

has unspecified behavior; using -r is suggested.

at

Name

at -- examine or delete jobs for later execution

Description

at is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003) but with differences as listed below.

Differences

Options

-d

is functionally equivalent to the -r option specified in ISO POSIX (2003).

-r

need not be supported, but the '-d' option is equivalent.

-t time

need not be supported.

Optional Control Files

The implementation shall support the XSI optional behavior for access control; however the files at.allow and at.deny may reside in /etc rather than /usr/lib/cron.

awk

Name

awk -- pattern scanning and processing language

Description

awk is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003) but with differences as listed below.

Differences

Certain aspects of internationalized regular expressions are optional; see Internationalization and Regular Expressions.

batch

Name

batch -- schedule commands to be executed in a batch queue

Description

The specification for batch is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

Optional Control Files

The implementation shall support the XSI optional behavior for access control; however the files at.allow and at.deny may reside in /etc rather than /usr/lib/cron.

bc

Name

bc -- An arbitrary precision calculator language

Description

bc is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003) but with extensions as listed below.

Extensions

The bc language may be extended in an implementation defined manner. If an implementation supports extensions, it shall also support the additional options:

-s|--standard

processes exactly the POSIX bc language.

-w|--warn

gives warnings for extensions to POSIX bc.

chfn

Name

chfn -- change user name and information

Synopsis

chfn [-f full_name] [-h home_phone] [user]

Description

chfn shall update the user database. An unprivileged user may only change the fields for their own account, a user with appropriate privileges may change the fields for any account.

The fields full_name and home_phone may contain any character except:

any control character
comma
colon
equal sign

If none of the options are selected, chfn operates in an interactive fashion. The prompts and expected input in interactive mode are unspecified and should not be relied upon.

As it is possible for the system to be configured to restrict which fields a non-privileged user is permitted to change, applications should be written to gracefully handle these situations.

Standard Options

-f full_name

sets the user's full name.

-h home_phone

sets the user's home phone number.

Future Directions

The following two options are expected to be added in a future version of the LSB:

-o office

sets the user's office room number.

-p office_phone

sets the user's office phone number.

Note that some implementations contain a "-o other" option which specifies an additional field called "other". Traditionally, this field is not subject to the constraints about legitimate characters in fields. Also, one traditionally shall have appropriate privileges to change the other field. At this point there is no consensus about whether it is desirable to specify the other field; applications may wish to avoid using it.

The "-w work_phone" field found in some implementations should be replaced by the "-p office_phone" field. The "-r room_number" field found in some implementations is the equivalent of the "-o office" option mentioned above; which one of these two options to specify will depend on implementation experience and the decision regarding the other field.

chgrp

Name

chgrp -- change file group

Description

chgrp is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003) but with differences as listed below.

Differences

The -L, -H, and -P options need not be supported.

chown

Name

chown -- change file owner and group

Description

chown is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003) but with differences as listed below.

Differences

The -L, -H, and -P options need not be supported.

chsh

Name

chsh -- change login shell

Synopsis

chsh [-s login_shell] [user]

Description

chsh changes the user login shell. This determines the name of the user's initial login command. An unprivileged user may only change the login shell for their own account, a user with appropriate privilege may change the login shell for any account specified by user.

Unless the user has appropriate privilege, the initial login command name shall be one of those listed in /etc/shells. The login_shell shall be the absolute path (i.e. it must start with '/') to an executable file. Accounts which are restricted (in an implementation-defined manner) may not change their login shell.

If the -s option is not selected, chsh operates in an interactive mode. The prompts and expected input in this mode are unspecified.

Standard Options

-s login_shell

sets the login shell.

col

Name

col -- filter reverse line feeds from input

Description

col is as specified in SUSv2 but with differences as listed below.

Differences

The -p option has unspecified behavior.

Note: Although col is shown as legacy in SUSv2, it is not (yet) deprecated in the LSB.

cpio

Name

cpio -- copy file archives in and out

Description

cpio is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

Differences

Some elements of the Pattern Matching Notation are optional; see Internationalization and Pattern Matching Notation.

crontab

Name

crontab -- maintain crontab files for individual users

Synopsis

crontab [-u user] file
crontab [-u user] {-l | -r | -e}

Description

crontab is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

Optional Control Files

The implementation shall support the XSI optional behavior for access control; however the files cron.allow and cron.deny may reside in /etc rather than /usr/lib/cron.

cut

Name

cut -- split a file into sections determined by context lines

Description

cut is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

Differences

-n

has unspecified behavior.

df

Name

df -- report filesystem disk space usage

Description

The df command shall behave as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

Differences

Options

If the -k option is not specified, disk space is shown in unspecified units. If the -P option is specified, the size of the unit shall be printed on the header line in the format "%4s-blocks". Applications should specify -k.

The XSI option -t has unspecified behavior. Applications should not specify -t.

Rationale: The most common implementation of df uses the -t option for a different purpose (restricting output to a particular filesystem type), and use of -t is therefore non-portable.

Operand May Identify Special File

If an argument is the absolute file name of a special file containing a mounted filesystem, df shall show the space available on that filesystem rather than on the filesystem containing the special file (which is typically the root filesystem).

Note: In ISO POSIX (2003) the XSI optional behavior permits an operand to name a special file, but appears to require the operation be performed on the filesystem containing the special file. A defect report has been submitted for this case.

dmesg

Name

dmesg -- print or control the system message buffer

Synopsis

dmesg [-c | -n level | -s bufsize]

Description

dmesg examines or controls the system message buffer. Only a user with appropriate privileges may modify the system message buffer parameters or contents.

Standard Options

-c

If the user has appropriate privilege, clears the system message buffer contents after printing.

-n level

If the user has appropriate privilege, sets the level at which logging of messages is done to the console.

-s bufsize

uses a buffer of bufsize to query the system message buffer. This is 16392 by default (this matches the default kernel syslog buffer size since 2.1.113). If you have set the kernel buffer to larger than the default then this option can be used to view the entire buffer.

du

Name

du -- estimate file space usage

Description

du is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

Differences

If the -k option is not specified, disk space is shown in unspecified units. Applications should specify -k.

echo

Name

echo -- Write arguments to standard output

Synopsis

echo [string...]

Description

The echo command is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with the following differences.

Implementations may support implementation-defined options to echo. The behavior of echo if any arguments contain backslashes is also implementation defined.

Conforming applications shall not run echo with a first argument starting with a hyphen, or with any arguments containing backslashes; they should use printf in those cases.

Note: The behavior specified here is similar to that specified by ISO POSIX (2003) without the XSI option. However, the LSB forbids a conforming application from using any options (even if the implementation provides them) while ISO POSIX (2003) specifies behavior if the first operand is the string -n.

egrep

Name

egrep -- search a file with an ERE pattern

Description

egrep is equivalent to grep -E. For further details, see the specification for grep.

fgrep

Name

fgrep -- search a file with a fixed pattern

Description

fgrep is equivalent to grep -F. For further details, see the specification for grep.

file

Name

file -- determine file type

Description

file is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

Differences

The -M, -h, -d, and -i options need not be supported.

find

Name

find -- search for files in a directory hierarchy

Description

find shall behave as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

Differences

Pattern Matching

Some elements of the Pattern Matching Notation are optional; see Internationalization and Pattern Matching Notation.

Option and Operand Handling

Options and operands to find shall behave as described in ISO POSIX (2003), except as follows:

-H

need not be supported

-L

need not be supported

-exec ... +

argument aggregation need not be supported

Rationale: The -H and -L options are only supported in the most recent versions of find, as is argument aggregation. When this verion of find becomes widely adopted, these limitations will be removed.

fuser

Name

fuser -- identify processes using files or sockets

Description

fuser is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

Differences

The fuser command is a system administration utility, see Path For System Administration Utilities.

Option Differences

-c

has unspecified behavior.

-f

has unspecified behavior.

gettext

Name

gettext -- retrieve text string from message catalog

Synopsis

gettext [options] [textdomain] msgid
gettext -s [options] msgid...

Description

The gettext utility retrieves a translated text string corresponding to string msgid from a message object generated with msgfmt utility.

The message object name is derived from the optional argument textdomain if present, otherwise from the TEXTDOMAIN environment variable. If no domain is specified, or if a corresponding string cannot be found, gettext prints msgid.

Ordinarily gettext looks for its message object in dirname/lang/LC_MESSAGES where dirname is the implementation-defined default directory and lang is the locale name. If present, the TEXTDOMAINDIR environment variable replaces the dirname.

This utility interprets C escape sequences such as \t for tab. Use \\ to print a backslash. To produce a message on a line of its own, either put a \n at the end of msgid, or use this command in conjunction with the printf utility.

When used with the -s option the gettext utility behaves like the echo utility, except that the message corresponding to msgid in the selected catalog provides the arguments.

Options

-d domainname, --domain=domainname

PARAMETER translated messages from domainname.

-e

Enable expansion of some escape sequences.

-n

Suppress trailing newline.

Operands

The following operands are supported:

textdomain

A domain name used to retrieve the messages.

msgid

A key to retrieve the localized message.

Environment Variables

LANGUAGE

Specifies one or more locale names.

LANG

Specifies locale name.

LC_MESSAGES

Specifies messaging locale, and if present overrides LANG for messages.

TEXTDOMAIN

Specifies the text domain name, which is identical to the message object filename without .mo suffix.

TEXTDOMAINDIR

Specifies the pathname to the message catalog, and if present replaces the implementation-defined default directory.

Exit Status

The following exit values are returned:

0

Successful completion.

>0

An error occurred.

grep

Name

grep -- print lines matching a pattern

Description

grep is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

LSB Differences

Certain aspects of regular expression matching are optional; see Internationalization and Regular Expressions.

groupadd

Name

groupadd -- create a new group

Synopsis

groupadd [-g gid [-o]] group

Description

If the caller has appropriate privilege, the groupadd command shall create a new group named group. The group name shall be unique in the group database. If no gid is specified, groupadd shall create the new group with a unique group ID.

The groupadd command is a system administration utility, see Path For System Administration Utilities.

Options

-g gid [-o]

The new group shall have group ID gid. If the -o option is not used, no other group shall have this group ID. The value of gidshall be non-negative.

groupdel

Name

groupdel -- delete a group

Synopsis

groupdel group

Description

If the caller has sufficient privilege, the groupdel command shall modify the system group database, deleting the group named group. If the group named group does not exist, groupdel shall issue a diagnostic message and exit with a non-zero exit status.

The groupdel command is a system administration utility, see Path For System Administration Utilities.

groupmod

Name

groupmod -- modify a group

Synopsis

groupmod [-g gid [-o]] [-n group_name] group

Description

If the caller has appropriate privilege, the groupmod command shall modify the entry in the system group database corresponding to a group named group.

The groupmod command is a system administration utility, see Path For System Administration Utilities.

Options

-g gid [-o]

Modify the group's group ID, setting it to gid. If the -o option is not used, no other group shall have this group ID. The value of gidshall be non-negative.

Note: Only the group ID in the database is altered; any files with group ownership set to the original group ID are unchanged by this modification.

-n group_name

changes the name of the group from group to group_name.

groups

Name

groups -- display a group

Synopsis

groups [user]

Description

The groups command shall behave as id -Gn [user], as specified in ISO POSIX (2003). The optional user parameter will display the groups for the named user.

gunzip

Name

gunzip -- uncompress files

Description

gunzip is equivalent to gzip -d. See the specification for gzip for further details.

gzip

Name

gzip -- compress or expand files

Synopsis

gzip [-cdfhlLnNrtvV19] [-S suffix] [name...]

Description

The gzip command shall attempt to reduce the size of the named files. Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the extension .gz, while keeping the same ownership modes, access and modification times. If no files are specified, or if a file name is -, the standard input is compressed to the standard output. gzip shall only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it will ignore symbolic links.

When compressing, gzip uses the deflate algorithm specified in RFC 1951: DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification and stores the result in a file using the gzip file format specified in RFC 1952: GZIP File Format Specification.

Options

-c, --stdout, --to-stdout

writes output on standard output, leaving the original files unchanged. If there are several input files, the output consists of a sequence of independently compressed members. To obtain better compression, concatenate all input files before compressing them.

-d, --decompress, --uncompress

the name operands are compressed files, and gzip shall decompress them.

-f, --force

forces compression or decompression even if the file has multiple links or the corresponding file already exists, or if the compressed data is read from or written to a terminal. If the input data is not in a format recognized by gzip, and if the option --stdout is also given, copy the input data without change to the standard ouput: let gzip behave as cat. If -f is not given, and when not running in the background, gzip prompts to verify whether an existing file should be overwritten.

-l, --list

lists the compressed size, uncompressed size, ration and uncompressed name for each compressed file. Gives the uncompressed size as -1 for files not in gzip format. Additionally displays method, crc and timestamp for the uncompress file when used in combination with --verbose.

For decompression, gzip shall support at least the following compression methods:

The crc shall be given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.

With --name, the uncompressed name, date and time are those stored within the compress file, if present.

With --verbose, the size totals and compression ratio for all files is also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. With --quiet, the title and totals lines are not displayed.

-L, --license

displays the gzip license and quit.

-n, --no-name

does not save the original file name and time stamp by default when compressing. (The original name is always saved if the name had to be truncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the original file name if present (remove only the gzip suffix from the compressed file name) and do not restore the original time stamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This option is the default when decompressing.

-N, --name

always saves the original file name and time stamp when compressing; this is the default. When decompressing, restore the original file name and time stamp if present. This option is useful on systems which have a limit on file name length or when the time stamp has been lost after a file transfer.

-q, --quiet

suppresses all warnings.

-r, --recursive

travels the directory structure recursively. If any of the file names specified on the command line are directories, gzip will descend into the directory and compress all the files it finds there (or decompress them in the case of gunzip).

-S .suf, --sufix .suf

uses suffix .suf instead of .gz.

-t, --test

checks the compressed file integrity.

-v, --verbose

displays the name and percentage reduction for each file compressed or decompressed.

-#, --fast, --best

regulates the speed of compression using the specified digit #, where -1 or --fast indicates the fastest compression method (less compression) and -9 or --best indicates the slowest compression method (best compression). The default compression level is -6 (that is, biased towards high compression at expense of speed).

LSB Deprecated Options

The behaviors specified in this section are expected to disappear from a future version of the LSB; applications should only use the non-LSB-deprecated behaviors.

-V, --version

displays the version number and compilation options, then quits.

hostname

Name

hostname -- show or set the system's host name

Synopsis

hostname [name]

Description

hostname is used to either display or, with appropriate privileges, set the current host name of the system. The host name is used by many applications to identify the machine.

When called without any arguments, the program displays the name of the system as returned by the gethostname() function.

When called with a name argument, and the user has appropriate privilege, the command sets the host name.

Note: It is not specified if the hostname displayed will be a fully qualified domain name. Applications requiring a particular format of hostname should check the output and take appropriate action.

install

Name

install -- copy files and set attributes

Synopsis

install [option...] SOURCE DEST
install [option...] SOURCE... DEST
install [-d | --directory] [option...] DIRECTORY...

Description

In the first two formats, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing DIRECTORY, optionally setting permission modes and file ownership. In the third format, each DIRECTORY and any missing parent directories shall be created.

Standard Options

--backup[=METHOD]

makes a backup of each existing destination file. METHOD may be one of the following:

  • none or off never make backups.

  • numbered or t make numbered backups. A numbered backup has the form "%s.~%d~", target_name, version_number. Each backup shall increment the version number by 1.

  • existing or nil numbered if numbered backups exist, or simple otherwise.

  • simple or never append a suffix to the name. The default suffix is '~', but can be overriden by setting SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX in the environment, or via the -S or --suffix option.

If no METHOD is specified, the environment variable VERSION_CONTROL shall be examined for one of the above. Unambiguous abbreviations of METHOD shall be accepted. If no METHOD is specified, or if METHOD is empty, the backup method shall default to existing.

If METHOD is invalid or ambiguous, install shall fail and issue a diagnostic message.

-b

is equivalent to --backup=existing.

-d, --directory

treats all arguments as directory names; creates all components of the specified directories.

-D

creates all leading components of DEST except the last, then copies SOURCE to DEST; useful in the 1st format.

-g GROUP, --group=GROUP

if the user has appropriate privilege, sets group ownership, instead of process' current group. GROUP is either a name in the user group database, or a positive integer, which shall be used as a group-id.

-m MODE, --mode=MODE

sets permission mode (specified as in chmod), instead of the default rwxr-xr-x.

-o OWNER, --owner=OWNER

if the user has appropriate privilege, sets ownership. OWNER is either a name in the user login database, or a positive integer, which shall be used as a user-id.

-p, --preserve-timestamps

copies the access and modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files.

-s, --strip

strips symbol tables, only for 1st and 2nd formats.

-S SUFFIX, --suffix=SUFFIX

equivalent to --backup=existing, except if a simple suffix is required, use SUFFIX.

--verbose

prints the name of each directory as it is created.

-v, --verbose

print the name of each file before copying it to stdout.

install_initd

Name

install_initd -- install an init.d file

Synopsis

/usr/lib/lsb/install_initd initd_file

Description

install_initd shall install a system initialization file that has been copied to the /etc/init.d location such that this file shall be run at the appropriate point during system initialization. The install_initrd command is typically called in the postinstall script of a package. See also Section 8.4.

ipcrm

Name

ipcrm -- Remove IPC Resources

Synopsis

ipcrm [-q msgid | -Q msgkey | -s semid | -S semkey | -m shmid | -M shmkey]...
ipcrm [shm | msg | msg] id...

Description

If any of the -q, -Q, -s, -S, -m, or -M arguments are given, the ipcrm shall behave as described in ISO POSIX (2003).

Otherwise, ipcrm shall remove the resource of the specified type identified by id.

Future Directions

A future revision of this specification may deprecate the second synopsis form.

Rationale: In its first Linux implementation, ipcrm used the second syntax shown in the SYNOPSIS. Functionality present in other implementations of ipcrm has since been added, namely the ability to delete resources by key (not just identifier), and to respect the same command line syntax. The previous syntax is still supported for backwards compatibility only.

ipcs

Name

ipcs -- provide information on ipc facilities

Synopsis

ipcs [-smq] [-tcp]

Description

ipcs provides information on the ipc facilities for which the calling process has read access.

Note: Although this command has many similarities with the optional ipcs utility described in ISO POSIX (2003), it has substantial differences and is therefore described separately. The options specified here have similar meaning to those in ISO POSIX (2003); other options specified there have unspecified behavior on an LSB conforming implementation. See Application Usage below. The output format is not specified.

Resource display options

-m

shared memory segments.

-q

message queues.

-s

semaphore arrays.

Output format options

-t

time.

-p

pid.

-c

creator.

Application Usage

In some implementations of ipcs the -a option will print all information available. In other implementations the -a option will print all resource types. Therefore, applications shall not use the -a option.

Some implementations of ipcs provide more output formats than are specified here. These options are not consistent between differing implementations of ipcs. Therefore, only the -t, -c and -p option formatting flags may be used. At least one of the -t, -c and -p options, and at least one of -m, -q and -s options, shall be specified.

killall

Name

killall -- kill processes by name

Synopsis

killall [-egiqvw] [-signal] name...
killall -l
killall -V

Description

killall sends a signal to all processes running any of the specified commands. If no signal name is specified, SIGTERM is sent.

Signals can be specified either by name (e.g. -HUP) or by number (e.g. -1). Signal 0 (check if a process exists) can only be specified by number.

If the command name contains a slash (/), processes executing that particular file will be selected for killing, independent of their name.

killall returns a non-zero return code if no process has been killed for any of the listed commands. If at least one process has been killed for each command, killall returns zero.

A killall process never kills itself (but may kill other killall processes).

Standard Options

-e

requires an exact match for very long names. If a command name is longer than 15 characters, the full name may be unavailable (i.e. it is swapped out). In this case, killall will kill everything that matches within the first 15 characters. With -e, such entries are skipped. killall prints a message for each skipped entry if -v is specified in addition to -e.

-g

kills the process group to which the process belongs. The kill signal is only sent once per group, even if multiple processes belonging to the same process group were found.

-i

asks interactively for confirmation before killing.

-l

lists all known signal names.

-q

does not complain if no processes were killed.

-v

reports if the signal was successfully sent.

LSB Deprecated Options

The behaviors specified in this section are expected to disappear from a future version of the LSB; applications should only use the non-LSB-deprecated behaviors.

-V

displays version information.

lpr

Name

lpr -- off line print

Synopsis

lpr [-l] [-p] [-Pprinter] [-h] [-s] [-#copies] [-J name] [-T title] [name ......]

Description

lpr uses a spooling daemon to print the named files when facilities become available. If no names appear, the standard input is assumed.

Standard Options

-l

identifies binary data that is not to be filtered but sent as raw input to printer.

-p

formats with "pr" before sending to printer.

-Pprinter

sends output to the printer named printer instead of the default printer.

-h

suppresses header page.

-s

uses symbolic links.

-#copies

specifies copies as the number of copies to print.

-J name

specifies name as the job name for the header page.

-T title

specifies title as the title used for "pr".

ls

Name

ls -- list directory contents

Description

ls shall behave as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with extensions listed below.

Extensions

-l

If the file is a character special or block special file, the size of the file shall be replaced with two unsigned numbers in the format "%u, %u", representing the major and minor device numbers associated with the special file.

Note: The LSB does not specify the meaning of the major and minor devices numbers.

-p

in addition to ISO POSIX (2003) XSI optional behavior of printing a slash for a directory, ls -p may display other characters for other file types.

lsb_release

Name

lsb_release -- print distribution specific information

Synopsis

lsb_release [OPTION...]

Description

The lsb_release command prints certain LSB (Linux Standard Base) and Distribution information.

If no options are given, the -v option is assumed.

Options

-v, --version

displays version of LSB against which distribution is compliant. The version is expressed as a colon seperated list of LSB module descriptions. LSB module descriptions are dash seperated tuples containing the module name, version, and architecture name. The output is a single line of text of the following format:

LSB Version:\t<ListAsDescribedAbove>

-i, --id

displays string id of distributor. The output is a single line of text of the following format:

Distributor ID:\t<DistributorID>

-d, --description

displays single line text description of distribution. The output is of the following format:

Description:\t<Description>

-r, --release

displays release number of distribution. The output is a single line of text of the following format:

Release:\t<Release>

-c, --codename

displays codename according to distribution release. The output is a single line of text of the following format.

Codename:\t<Codename>

-a, --all

displays all of the above information.

-s, --short

displays all of the above information in short output format.

-h, --help

displays a human-readable help message.

Examples

The following command will list the LSB Profiles which are currently supported on this platform.

example% lsb_release -v
LSB Version: core-2.0-ia32:core-2.0-noarch:graphics-2.0-ia32:graphics-2.0-noarch

lsbinstall

Name

lsbinstall -- installation tool for various types of data

Synopsis

/usr/lib/lsb/lsbinstall [OPTION...]

Description

The lsbinstall command may be used to install certain types of files into system specific locations. This command may be used during a package post installation script to add package specific data to system wide repositories. A user may need appropriate privilege to invoke lsbinstall.

Options

-f, --font

install a font file into the systemwide font repository. There shall be one operand, that names a font file.

-i, --init

install an init script into the system specific location. There shall be one operand, that names an init script file.

-p, --profile

install a profile script into the system specific location. There shall be one operand, that names a profile shell script. The behavior is unspecified if this name does not have the suffix .sh.

-s, --service

ensure a service name and number pair is know to the system service database. There must be at least two operands. The first operand shall have the format %d/%s with the port number and protocol values (e.g. 22/tcp), and the second operand shall be the name of the service. Any subsequent operands provide aliases for this service.

-I, --inet

add an entry to the systems inet super daemon configuration. There shall be one operand, that names a file with the following format:

service <service_name>
{
	<attribute> <assign-op> <value ...>
}
Add a list here of supported attributes. Explain that assign-opt must be at least =, but others may be supported.

-c, --crontab

Install a crontab into the system specific location. There shall be one operand, that names a crontab file. See Cron Jobs.

-m, --menu

install a desktop menu entry into the system menu database. There shall be one operand, that names a menu file.

-l, --ldconfig

Register a directory that contains shared libraries with the system. There shall be one operand, that names a directory.

Examples

add something here!

m4

Name

m4 -- macro processor

Description

m4 is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with extensions as listed below.

Extensions

-P

forces all builtins to be prefixed with m4_. For example, define becomes m4_define.

-I directory

Add directory to the end of the search path for includes.

md5sum

Name

md5sum -- generate or check MD5 message digests

Synopsis

md5sum [-c [file] | file...]

Description

For each file, write to standard output a line containing the MD5 message digest of that file, followed by one or more blank characters, followed by the name of the file. The MD5 message digest shall be calculated according to RFC 1321: The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm and output as 32 hexadecimal digits.

If no file names are specified as operands, read from standard input and use "-" as the file name in the output.

Options

-c [file]

checks the MD5 message digest of all files named in file against the message digest listed in the same file. The actual format of file is the same as the output of md5sum. That is, each line in the file describes a file. If file is not specified, read message digests from stdin.

Exit Status

md5sum shall exit with status 0 if the sum was generated successfully, or, in check mode, if the check matched. Otherwise, md5sum shall exit with a non-zero status.

mknod

Name

mknod -- make special files

Synopsis

mknod [-m mode | --mode=mode] name type [major minor]
mknod [--version]

Description

The mknod command shall create a special file named name of the given type.

The type shall be one of the following:

b

creates a block (buffered) special file with the specified major and minor device numbers.

c, u

creates a character (unbuffered) special file with the specified major and minor device numbers.

p

creates a FIFO.

Options

-m mode, --mode=mode

create the special file with file access permissions set as described in mode. The permissions may be any absolute value (i.e. one not containing '+' or '-') acceptable to the chmod command.

--version

output version information and exit.

Note: This option may be deprecated in a future release of this specification.

If type is pparameter, major and minor shall not be specified. Otherwise, these parameters are mandatory.

Future Directions

This command may be deprecated in a future version of this specification. The major and minor operands are insufficently portable to be specified usefully here. Only a FIFO can be portably created by this command, and the mkfifo command is a simpler interface for that purpose.

mktemp

Name

mktemp -- make temporary file name (unique)

Synopsis

mktemp [-q] [-u] template

Description

The mktemp command takes the given file name template and overwrites a portion of it to create a file name. This file name shall be unique and suitable for use by the application.

The template should have at least six trailing 'X' characters. These characters are replaced with characters from the portable filename character set in order to generate a unique name.

If mktemp can successfully generate a unique file name, and the -u option is not present, the file shall be created with read and write permission only for the current user. The mktemp command shall write the filename generated to the standard output.

Options

-q

fail silently if an error occurs. Diagnostic messages to stderr are suppressed, but the command shall still exit with a non-zero exit status if an error occurs.

-u

operates in `unsafe' mode. A unique name is generated, but the temporary file shall be unlinked before mktemp exits. Use of this option is not encouraged.

more

Name

more -- display files on a page-by-page basis

Description

more is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

Differences

The more command need not respect the LINES and COLUMNS environment variables.

The following additional options may be supported:

-num

specifies an integer which is the screen size (in lines).

+num

starts at line number num.

+/pattern

Start at the first line matching the pattern, equivalent to executing the search forward (/) command with the given pattern immediately after opening each file.

The following options from ISO POSIX (2003) may behave differently:

-e

has unspecified behavior.

-i

has unspecified behavior.

-n

has unspecified behavior.

-p

Either clear the whole screen before displaying any text (instead of the usual scrolling behavior), or provide the behavior specified by ISO POSIX (2003). In the latter case, the syntax is "-p command".

-t

has unspecified behavior.

The more command need not support the following interactive commands:

g
G
u
control u
control f
newline
j
k
r
R
m
' (return to mark)
/!
?
N
:e
:t
control g
ZZ

Rationale

The +num and +/string options are deprecated in SUSv2, and have been removed in ISO POSIX (2003); however this specification continues to specify them because the publicly available util-linux package does not support the replacement (-p command). The +command option as found in SUSv2 is more general than is specified here, but the util-linux package appears to only support the more specific +num and +/string forms.

mount

Name

mount -- mount a file system

Synopsis

mount [-hV]
mount [-a] [-fFnrsvw] [-t vfstype]
mount [-fnrsvw] [-o options [,...]] [device | dir]
mount [-fnrsvw] [-t vfstype] [-o options] device dir

Description

As described in ISO POSIX (2003), all files in the system are organized in a directed graph, known as the file hierarchy, rooted at /. These files can be spread out over several underlying devices. The mount command shall attach the file system found on some underlying device to the file hierarchy.

Options

-v

invoke verbose mode. The mount command shall provide diagnostic messages on stdout.

-a

mount all filesystems (of the given types) mentioned in /etc/fstab.

-F

If the -a option is also present, fork a new incarnation of mount for each device to be mounted. This will do the mounts on different devices or different NFS servers in parallel.

-f

cause everything to be done except for the actual system call; if it's not obvious, this `fakes' mounting the file system.

-n

mount without writing in /etc/mtab. This is necessary for example when /etc is on a read-only file system.

-s

ignore mount options not supported by a filesystem type. Not all filesystems support this option.

-r

mount the file system read-only. A synonym is -o ro.

-w

mount the file system read/write. (default) A synonym is -o rw.

-L label

If the file /proc/partitions is supported, mount the partition that has the specified label.

-U uuid

If the file /proc/partitions is supported, mount the partition that has the specified uuid.

-t vfstype

indicate a file system type of vfstype.

More than one type may be specified in a comma separated list. The list of file system types can be prefixed with no to specify the file system types on which no action should be taken.

-o

options are specified with a -o flag followed by a comma-separated string of options. Some of these options are only useful when they appear in the /etc/fstab file. The following options apply to any file system that is being mounted:

async

perform all I/O to the file system asynchronously.

atime

update inode access time for each access. (default)

auto

in /etc/fstab, indicate the device is mountable with -a.

defaults

use default options: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async.

dev

interpret character or block special devices on the file system.

exec

permit execution of binaries.

noatime

do not update file access times on this file system.

noauto

in /etc/fstab, indicates the device is only explicitly mountable.

nodev

do not interpret character or block special devices on the file system.

noexec

do not allow execution of any binaries on the mounted file system.

nosuid

do not allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take effect.

nouser

forbid an unprivileged user to mount the file system. (default)

remount

remount an already-mounted file system. This is commonly used to change the mount options for a file system, especially to make a read-only file system writable.

ro

mount the file system read-only.

rw

mount the file system read-write.

suid

allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take effect.

sync

do all I/O to the file system synchronously.

user

allow an unprivilieged user to mount the file system. This option implies the options noexec, nosuid, nodev unless overridden by subsequent options.

LSB Deprecated Options

The behaviors specified in this section are expected to disappear from a future version of the LSB; applications should only use the non-LSB-deprecated behaviors.

-V

output version and exit.

msgfmt

Name

msgfmt -- create a message object from a message file

Synopsis

msgfmt [options...] filename...

Description

The msgfmt command generates a binary message catalog from a textual translation description. Message catalogs, or message object files, are stored in files with a .mo extension.

Note: The format of message object files is not guaranteed to be portable. Message catalogs should always be generated on the target architecture using the msgfmt command.

The source message files, otherwise known as portable object files, have a .po extension.

The filename operands shall be portable object files. The .po file contains messages to be displayed to users by system utilities or by application programs. The portable object files are text files, and the messages in them can be rewritten in any language supported by the system.

If any filename is -, a portable object file shall be read from the standard input.

The msgfmt command interprets data as characters according to the current setting of the LC_CTYPE locale category.

Options

-c, --check

Detect and diagnose input file anomalies which might represent translation errors. The msgid and msgstr strings are studied and compared. It is considered abnormal that one string starts or ends with a newline while the other does not.

If the message is flagged as c-format (see Comment Handling), check that the msgid string and the msgstr translation have the same number of % format specifiers, with matching types.

-D directory, --directory=directory

Add directory to list for input files search. If filename is not an absolute pathname and filename cannot be opened, search for it in directory. This option may be repeated. Directories shall be searched in order, with the leftmost directory searched first.

-f, --use-fuzzy

Use entries marked as fuzzy in output. If this option is not specified, such entries are not included into the output. See Comment Handling below.

-o output-file, --output-file=output-file

Specify the output file name as output-file. If multiple domains or duplicate msgids in the .po file are present, the behavior is unspecified. If output-file is -, output is written to standard output.

--strict

Ensure that all output files have a .mo extension. Output files are named either by the -o (or --output-file) option, or by domains found in the input files.

-v, --verbose

Print additional information to the standard error, including the number of translated strings processed.

Operands

The filename operands are treated as portable object files. The format of portable object files is defined in EXTENDED DESCRIPTION.

Standard Input

The standard input is not used unless a filename operand is specified as "-".

Environment Variables

LANGUAGE

Specifies one or more locale names.

LANG

Specifies locale name.

LC_ALL

Specifies locale name for all categories. If defined, overrides LANG, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES.

LC_CTYPE

Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments and input files).

LC_MESSAGES

Specifies messaging locale, and if present overrides LANG for messages.

Standard Output

The standard output is not used unless the option-argument of the -o option is specified as -.

Extended Description

The format of portable object files (.po files) is defined as follows. Each .po file contains one or more lines, with each line containing either a comment or a statement. Comments start the line with a hash mark (#) and end with the newline character. Empty lines, or lines containing only white-space, shall be ignored. Comments can in certain circumstances alter the behavior of msgfmt. See Comment Handling below for details on comment processing. The format of a statement is:

directive value

Each directive starts at the beginning of the line and is separated from value by white space (such as one or more space or tab characters). The value consists of one or more quoted strings separated by white space. If two or more strings are specified as value, they are normalized into single string using the string normalization syntax specified in ISO C (1999). The following directives are supported:

domain domainname

msgid message_identifier

msgid_plural untranslated_string_plural

msgstr message_string

msgstr[n] message_string

The behavior of the domain directive is affected by the options used. See OPTIONS for the behavior when the -o option is specified. If the -o option is not specified, the behavior of the domain directive is as follows:

  1. All msgids from the beginning of each .po file to the first domain directive are put into a default message object file, messages (or messages.mo if the --strict option is specified).

  2. When msgfmt encounters a domain domainname directive in the .po file, all following msgids until the next domain directive are put into the message object file domainname (or domainname.mo if --strict option is specified).

  3. Duplicate msgids are defined in the scope of each domain. That is, a msgid is considered a duplicate only if the identical msgid exists in the same domain.

  4. All duplicate msgids are ignored.

The msgid directive specifies the value of a message identifier associated with the directive that follows it. The msgid_plural directive specifies the plural form message specified to the plural message handling functions ngettext(), dngettext() or dcngettext(). The message_identifier string identifies a target string to be used at retrieval time. Each statement containing a msgid directive shall be followed by a statement containing a msgstr directive or msgstr[n] directives.

The msgstr directive specifies the target string associated with the message_identifier string declared in the immediately preceding msgid directive.

The msgstr[n] (where n = 0, 1, 2, ...) directive specifies the target string to be used with plural form handling functions ngettext(), dngettext() and dcngettext().

Message strings can contain the following escape sequences:

Table 3-1. Escape Sequences

\nnewline
\ttab
\vvertical tab
\bbackspace
\rcarriage return
\fformfeed
\\backslash
\"double quote
\dddoctal bit pattern
\xHHhexadecimal bit pattern

Comment Handling

Comments are introduced by a #, and continue to the end of the line. The second character (i.e. the character following the #) has special meaning. Regular comments should follow a space character. Other comment types include:

# normal-comments

#. automatic-comments

#: reference...

#, flag

Automatic and reference comments are typically generated by external utilities, and are not specified by the LSB. The msgfmt command shall ignore such comments.

Note: Portable object files may be produced by unspecified tools. Some of the comment types described here may arise from the use of such tools. It is beyond the scope of this specification to describe these tools.

The #, comments require one or more flags separated by the comma (,) character. The following flags can be specified:

fuzzy

This flag shows that the following msgstr string might not be a correct translation. Only the translator (i.e. the individual undertaking the translation) can judge if the translation requires further modification, or is acceptable as is. Once satisfied with the translation, the translator then removes this fuzzy flag.

If this flag is specified, the msgfmt utility will not generate the entry for the immediately following msgid in the output message catalog, unless the --use-fuzzy is specified.

c-format, no-c-format

The c-format flag indicates that the msgid string is used as format string by printf()-like functions. If the c-format flag is given for a string the msgfmt utility may perform additional tests to check to validity of the translation.

Plurals

The msgid entry with empty string ("") is called the header entry and is treated specially. If the message string for the header entry contains nplurals=value, the value indicates the number of plural forms. For example, if nplurals=4, there are 4 plural forms. If nplurals is defined, there should be a plural=expression on the same line, separated by a semicolon (;) character. The expression is a C language expression to determine which version of msgstr[n] to be used based on the value of n, the last argument of ngettext(), dngettext() or dcngettext(). For example:

nplurals=2; plural=n == 1 ? 0 : 1

indicates that there are 2 plural forms in the language; msgstr[0] is used if n == 1, otherwise msgstr[1] is used. Another example:

nplurals=3; plural=n==1 ? 0 : n==2 ? 1 : 2

indicates that there are 3 plural forms in the language; msgstr[0] is used if n == 1, msgstr[1] is used if n == 2, otherwise msgstr[2] is used.

If the header entry contains charset=codeset string, the codeset is used to indicate the codeset to be used to encode the message strings. If the output string's codeset is different from the message string's codeset, codeset conversion from the message strings's codeset to the output string's codeset will be performed upon the call of gettext(), dgettext(), dcgettext(), ngettext(), dngettext(), and dcngettext(). The output string's codeset is determined by the current locale's codeset (the return value of nl_langinfo(CODESET)) by default, and can be changed by the call of bind_textdomain_codeset().

Exit Status

The following exit values are returned:

0

Successful completion.

>0

An error occurred.

Application Usage

Neither msgfmt nor any gettext() function imposes a limit on the total length of a message. Installing message catalogs under the C locale is pointless, since they are ignored for the sake of efficiency.

Examples

Example 1: Examples of creating message objects from message files.

In this example module1.po, module2.po and module3.po are portable message object files.

example% cat module1.po

# default domain "messages"

msgid "message one"

msgstr "mensaje nśmero uno"

#

domain "help_domain"

msgid "help two"

msgstr "ayuda nśmero dos"

#

domain "error_domain"

msgid "error three"

msgstr "error nśmero tres"

example% cat module2.po

# default domain "messages"

msgid "message four"

msgstr "mensaje nśmero cuatro"

#

domain "error_domain"

msgid "error five"

msgstr "error nśmero cinco"

#

domain "window_domain"

msgid "window six"

msgstr "ventana nśmero seises"

example% cat module3.po

# default domain "messages"

msgid "message seven"

msgstr "mensaje nśmero siete"

The following command will produce the output files messages, help_domain, and error_domain.

example% msgfmt module1.po

The following command will produce the output files messages.mo, help_domain.mo, error_domain.mo, and window_domain.mo.

example% msgfmt module1.po module2.po

The following example will produce the output file hello.mo.

example% msgfmt -o hello.mo module3.po

newgrp

Name

newgrp -- change group ID

Synopsis

newgrp [group]

Description

The newgrp command is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

Differences

The -l option specified in ISO POSIX (2003) need not be supported.

od

Name

od -- dump files in octal and other formats

Synopsis

od [-abcdfilox] [-w width | --width-width] [-v] [-A address_base] [-j skip] [-n count] [-t type_string] [file...]
od --traditional [options] [file] [[+]offset [.] [b]] [[+]label [.] [b]]

Description

The od command shall provide all of the madatory functionality specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with extensions and differences to the XSI optional behavior as listed below.

Extensions and Differences

-s

unspecified behavior.

Note: Applications wishing to achieve the ISO POSIX (2003) behavior for -s should instead use -t d2.

-wwidth, --width[=width]

each output line is limited to width bytes from the input.

--traditional

accepts arguments in traditional form, see Traditional Usage below.

Note: The XSI optional behavior for offset handling described in ISO POSIX (2003) is not supported unless the --traditional option is also specified.

Pre-POSIX and XSI Specifications

The LSB supports mixing options between the mandatory and XSI optional synopsis forms in ISO POSIX (2003). The LSB shall support the following options:

-a

is equivalent to -t a, selects named characters.

-b

is equivalent to -t o1, selects octal bytes.

-c

is equivalent to -t c, selects characters.

-d

is equivalent to -t u2, selects unsigned decimal two byte units.

-f

is equivalent to -t fF, selects floats.

-i

is equivalent to -t d2, selects decimal two byte units.

Note: This usage may change in future releases; portable applications should use -t d2.

-l

is equivalent to -t d4, selects decimal longs.

-o

is equivalent to -t o2, selects octal two byte units.

-x

is equivalent to -t x2, selects hexadecimal two byte units.

Note that the XSI option -s need not be supported.

Traditional Usage

If the --traditional option is specified, there may be between zero and three operands specified.

If no operands are specified, then od shall read the standard input.

If there is exactly one operand, and it is an offset of the form [+]offset[.][b], then it shall be interpreted as specified in ISO POSIX (2003). The file to be dumped shall be the standard input.

If there are exactly two operands, and they are both of the form [+]offset[.][b], then the first shall be an treated as an offset (as above), and the second shall be a label, in the same format as the offset. If a label is specified, then the first output line produced for each input block shall be preceded by the input offset, cumulative across input files, of the next byte to be written, followed by the label, in parentheses. The label shall increment in the same manner as the offset.

If there are three operands, then the first shall be the file to dump, the second the offset, and the third the label.

Note: Recent versions of coreutils contain an od utility that conforms to ISO POSIX (2003). However, in April 2005, this version was not in widespread use. A future version of this specification may remove the differences.

passwd

Name

passwd -- change user password

Synopsis

passwd [-x max] [-n min] [-w warn] [-i inact] name
passwd {-l | -u} name

Description

passwd changes passwords for user and group accounts. A normal user may only change the password for their own account, the super user may change the password for any account. passwd also changes password expiry dates and intervals. Applications may not assume the format of prompts and anticipated input for user interaction, because they are unspecified.

Options

-x max

sets the maximum number of days a password remains valid.

-n min

sets the minimum number of days before a password may be changed.

-w warn

sets the number of days warning the user will receive before their password will expire.

-i inactive

disables an account after the password has been expired for the given number of days.

-l

disables an account by changing the password to a value which matches no possible encrypted value.

-u

re-enables an account by changing the password back to its previous value.

patch

Name

patch -- apply a diff file to an original

Description

patch is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with extensions as listed below.

Extensions

--binary

reads and write all files in binary mode, except for standard output and /dev/tty. This option has no effect on POSIX-compliant systems.

-u, --unified

interprets the patch file as a unified context diff.

pidof

Name

pidof -- find the process ID of a running program

Synopsis

pidof [-s] [-x] [-o omitpid...] program...

Description

Return the process ID of a process which is running the program named on the command line.

The pidof command is a system administration utility, see Path For System Administration Utilities.

Options

-s

instructs the program to only return one pid.

-x

causes the program to also return process id's of shells running the named scripts.

-o

omits processes with specified process id.

remove_initd

Name

remove_initd -- clean up boot script system modifications introduced by install_initd

Synopsis

/usr/lib/lsb/remove_initd initd_file

Description

remove_initd processes the removal of the modifications made to a distribution's boot script system by the install_initd program. This cleanup is performed in the preuninstall script of a package; however, the package manager is still responsible for removing the /etc/init.d file. See also Section 8.4.

renice

Name

renice -- alter priority of running processes

Description

renice is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

Differences

-n increment

has unspecified behavior.

sed

Name

sed -- stream editor

Description

sed is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

LSB Differences

Certain aspects of internationalized regular expressions are optional; see Internationalization and Regular Expressions.

sendmail

Name

sendmail -- an electronic mail transport agent

Synopsis

/usr/sbin/sendmail [options] [address...]

Description

To deliver electronic mail (email), applications shall support the interface provided by sendmail (described here). This interface shall be the default delivery method for applications.

This program sends an email message to one or more recipients, routing the message as necessary. This program is not intended as a user interface routine.

With no options, sendmail reads its standard input up to an end-of-file or a line consisting only of a single dot and sends a copy of the message found there to all of the addresses listed. It determines the network(s) to use based on the syntax and contents of the addresses.

If an address is preceded by a backslash, '\', it is unspecified if the address is subject to local alias expansion.

The format of messages shall be as defined in RFC 2822:Internet Message Format.

Options

-bm

read mail from standard input and deliver it to the recipient addresses. This is the default mode of operation.

-bp

If the user has sufficient privilege, list information about messages currently in the mail queue.

-bs

use the SMTP protocol as described in RFC 2821:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol; read SMTP commands on standard input and write SMTP responses on standard output.

In this mode, sendmail shall accept \r\n (CR-LF), as required by RFC 2821:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, and \n (LF) line terminators.

-F fullname

explicitly set the full name of the sender for incoming mail unless the message already contains a From: message header.

If the user running sendmail is not sufficiently trusted, then the actual sender may be indicated in the message, depending on the configuration of the agent.

-f name

explicitly set the envelope sender address for incoming mail. If there is no From: header, the address specified in the From: header will also be set.

If the user running sendmail is not sufficiently trusted, then the actual sender shall be indicated in the message.

-i

ignore dots alone on lines by themselves in incoming messages. If this options is not specified, a line consisting of a single dot shall terminate the input. If -bs is also used, the behavior is unspecified.

-odb

deliver any mail in background, if supported; otherwise ignored.

-odf

deliver any mail in foreground, if supported; otherwise ignored.

-oem or -em

mail errors back to the sender. (default)

-oep or -ep

write errors to the standard error output.

-oeq or -eq

do not send notification of errors to the sender. This only works for mail delivered locally.

-oi

is equivalent to -i.

-om

indicate that the sender of a message should receive a copy of the message if the sender appears in an alias expansion. Ignored if aliases are not supported.

-t

read the message to obtain recipients from the To:, Cc:, and Bcc: headers in the message instead of from the command arguments. If a Bcc: header is present, it is removed from the message unless there is no To: or Cc: header, in which case a Bcc: header with no data is created, in accordance with RFC 2822:Internet Message Format.

If there are any operands, the recipients list is unspecified.

This option may be ignored when not in -bm mode (the default).

Note: It is recommended that applications use as few options as necessary, none if possible.

Exit status

0

successful completion on all addresses. This does not indicate successful delivery.

>0

there was an error.

Notes/Rationale

This page is intended to reflect functionality provided by smail, exim and other implementations, not just the sendmail implementation.

shutdown

Name

shutdown -- shut the system down

Synopsis

/sbin/shutdown [-t sec] [-h | -r] [-akfF] time [warning-message]
/sbin/shutdown -c [warning-message]

Description

The shutdown command shall shut the system down in a secure way (first synopsis), or cancel a pending shutdown (second synopsis). When the shutdown is initiated, all logged-in users shall be notified immediately that the system is going down, and users shall be prevented from logging in to the system. The time specifies when the actual shutdown shall commence. See below for details. At the specified time all processes are first notified that the system is going down by the signal SIGTERM. After an interval (see -t) all processes shall be sent the signal SIGKILL. If neither the -h or the -r argument is specified, then the default behavior shall be to take the system to a runlevel where administrative tasks can be run. See also Run Levels.

Note: This is sometimes referred to as "single user mode".

The -h and -r options are mutually exclusive. If either the -h or -r options are specified, the system shall be halted or rebooted respectively.

Standard Options

-a

use access control. See below.

-t sec

tell the system to wait sec seconds between sending processes the warning and the kill signal, before changing to another runlevel. The default period is three seconds.

-k

do not really shutdown; only send the warning messages to everybody.

-r

reboot after shutdown.

-h

halt after shutdown. Actions after halting are unspecified (e.g. power off).

-f

advise the system to skip file system consistency checks on reboot.

-F

advise the system to force file system consistency checks on reboot.

-c

cancel an already running shutdown.

time

specify when to shut down.

The time argument shall have the following format: [now | [+]mins | hh:mm] If the format is hh:mm, hh shall specify the hour (1 or 2 digits) and mm is the minute of the hour (exactly two digits), and the shutdown shall commence at the next occurence of the specified time. If the format is mins (or +mins), where mins is a decimal number, shutdown shall commence in the specified number of minutes. The word now is an alias for +0.

warning-message

specify a message to send to all users.

su

Name

su -- change user ID or become super-user

Synopsis

su [options] [-] [username [ARGS]]

Description

su is used to become another user during a login session. Invoked without a username, su defaults to becoming the super user. The optional argument - may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly.

The user will be prompted for a password, if appropriate. Invalid passwords will produce an error message. All attempts, both valid and invalid, are logged to detect abuses of the system. Applications may not assume the format of prompts and anticipated input for user interaction, because they are unspecified.

An optional command can be executed. This is done by the shell specified in /etc/passwd for the target user unless the -s or -m options are used. Any arguments supplied after the username will be passed to the invoked shell (shell shall support the -c command line option in order for a command to be passed to it).

The current environment is passed to the new shell. The value of $PATH is reset to /bin:/usr/bin for normal users, or /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin for the super user. This may be changed with the ENV_PATH and ENV_SUPATH definitions in /etc/login.defs. When using the -m or -p options, the user's environment is not changed.

A subsystem login is indicated by the presense of a "*" as the first character of the login shell. The given home directory will be used as the root of a new filesystem which the user is actually logged into.

Standard Options

-

makes this a login shell.

-c, --comand=command

passes command to the invoked shell. It is passed directly to the invoked shell (using the shell's -c option), so its syntax is whatever that shell can accept.

-m, -p, --preserve-environment

does not reset environment variables, and keeps the same shell if it is present in /etc/shells.

-s, --shell=shell

uses shell instead of the default in /etc/passwd. The shell specified shall be present in /etc/shells.

sync

Name

sync -- flush filesystem buffers

Synopsis

sync

Description

Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block.

tar

Name

tar -- file archiver

Description

tar is as specified in SUSv2, but with differences as listed below.

Differences

Some elements of the Pattern Matching Notation are optional; see Internationalization and Pattern Matching Notation.

-h

doesn't dump symlinks; dumps the files they point to.

-z

filters the archive through gzip.

umount

Name

umount -- unmount file systems

Synopsis

umount [-hV]
umount -a [-nrv] [-t vfstype]
umount [-nrv] device | dir...

Description

umount detaches the file system(s) mentioned from the file hierarchy. A file system is specified by giving the directory where it has been mounted.

Standard Options

-v

invokes verbose mode.

-n

unmounts without writing in /etc/mtab.

-r

tries to remount read-only if unmounting fails.

-a

unmounts all of the file systems described in /etc/mtab except for the proc filesystem.

-t vfstype

indicates that the actions should only be taken on file systems of the specified type. More than one type may be specified in a comma separated list. The list of file system types can be prefixed with no to specify the file system types on which no action should be taken.

-f

forces unmount (in case of an unreachable NFS system).

LSB Deprecated Options

The behaviors specified in this section are expected to disappear from a future version of the LSB; applications should only use the non-LSB-deprecated behaviors.

-V

print version and exits.

useradd

Name

useradd -- create a new user or update default new user information

Synopsis

useradd [-c comment] [-d home_dir] [-g initial_group] [-G group...] [-m [-k skeleton_dir]] [-p passwd] [-r] [-s shell] [-u uid [-o]] login
useradd -D [-g default_group] [-b default_home] [-s default_shell]

Description

When invoked without the -D option, and with appropriate privilege, useradd creates a new user account using the values specified on the command line and the default values from the system. The new user account will be entered into the system files as needed, the home directory will be created, and initial files copied, depending on the command line options.

When invoked with the -D option, useradd will either display the current default values, or, with appropriate privilege, update the default values from the command line. If no options are specified, useradd displays the current default values.

The useradd command is a system administration utility, see Path For System Administration Utilities.

Standard Options

-c comment

specifies the new user's password file comment field value.

-d home_dir

creates the new user using home_dir as the value for the user's login directory. The default is to append the login name to default_home and use that as the login directory name.

-g initial_group

specifies the group name or number of the user's initial login group. The group name shall exist. A group number shall refer to an already existing group. If -g is not specified, the implementation will follow the normal user default for that system. This may create a new group or choose a default group that normal users are placed in. Applications which require control of the groups into which a user is placed should specify -g.

-G group[,...]

specifies a list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the -g option. The default is for the user to belong only to the initial group.

-m [-k skeleton_dir]

specifies the user's home directory will be created if it does not exist. The files contained in skeleton_dir will be copied to the home directory if the -k option is used, otherwise the files contained in /etc/skel will be used instead. Any directories contained in skeleton_dir or /etc/skel will be created in the user's home directory as well. The -k option is only valid in conjunction with the -m option. The default is to not create the directory and to not copy any files.

-p passwd

is the encrypted password, as returned by crypt(). The default is to disable the account.

-r

creates a system account, that is, a user with a UID in the range reserved for system account users. If there is not a UID free in the reserved range the command will fail.

-s shell

specifies the name of the user's login shell. The default is to leave this field blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell.

-u uid [-o]

specifies the numerical value of the user's ID. This value shall be unique, unless the -o option is used. The value shall be non-negative. The default is the smallest ID value greater than 499 which is not yet used.

Change Default Options

-b default_home

specifies the initial path prefix for a new user's home directory. The user's name will be affixed to the end of default_home to create the new directory name if the -d option is not used when creating a new account.

-g default_group

specifies the group name or ID for a new user's initial group. The named group shall exist, and a numerical group ID shall have an existing entry.

-s default_shell

specifies the name of the new user's login shell. The named program will be used for all future new user accounts.

-c comment

specifies the new user's password file comment field value.

Application Usage

The -D option will typically be used by system administration packages. Most applications should not change defaults which will affect other applications and users.

userdel

Name

userdel -- delete a user account and related files

Synopsis

userdel [-r] login

Description

Delete the user account named login. If there is also a group named login, this command may delete the group as well, or may leave it alone.

The userdel command is a system administration utility, see Path For System Administration Utilities.

Options

-r

removes files in the user's home directory along with the home directory itself. Files located in other file system will have to be searched for and deleted manually.

usermod

Name

usermod -- modify a user account

Synopsis

usermod [-c comment] [-d home_dir [ -m]] [-g initial_group] [-G group [,...]] [-l login_name] [-p passwd] [-s shell] [-u uid [ -o]] login

Description

The usermod command shall modify an entry in the user account database.

The usermod command is a system administration utility, see Path For System Administration Utilities.

Options

-c comment

specifies the new value of the user's password file comment field.

-d home_dir

specifies the user's new login directory. If the -m option is given the contents of the current home directory will be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it does not already exist.

-g initial_group

specifies the group name or number of the user's new initial login group. The group name shall exist. A group number shall refer to an already existing group.

-G group,[...]

specifies a list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the -g option. If the user is currently a member of a group which is not listed, the user will be removed from the group.

-l login_name

changes the name of the user from login to login_name. Nothing else is changed. In particular, the user's home directory name should probably be changed to reflect the new login name.

-p passwd

is the encrypted password, as returned by crypt(3).

-s shell

specifies the name of the user's new login shell. Setting this field to blank causes the system to select the default login shell.

-u uid [-o]

specifies the numerical value of the user's ID. This value shall be unique, unless the -o option is used. The value shall be non-negative. Any files which the user owns and which are located in the directory tree rooted at the user's home directory will have the file user ID changed automatically. Files outside of the user's home directory shall be altered manually.

xargs

Name

xargs -- build and execute command lines from standard input

Description

xargs is as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), but with differences as listed below.

Differences

-E

has unspecified behavior.

-I

has unspecified behavior.

-L

has unspecified behavior.

Note: These options have been implemented in findutils-4.2.9, but this version of the utilities is not in widespread use as of April 2005. However, future versions of this specification will require support for these arguments.

IV. Execution Environment


Chapter 4. File System Hierarchy

An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the mandatory portions of the filesystem hierarchy specified in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), together with any additional requirements made in this specification.

An LSB conforming application shall conform to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.

The FHS allows many components or subsystems to be optional. An application shall check for the existence of an optional component before using it, and should behave in a reasonable manner if the optional component is not present.

The FHS requirement to locate the operating system kernel in either / or /boot does not apply if the operating system kernel does not exist as a file in the filesystem.

The FHS specifies certain behaviors for a variety of commands if they are present (for example, ping or python). However, LSB applications shall not rely on any commands beyond those specified by the LSB. The mere existence of a command may not be used as an indication that the command behaves in any particular way.

The following directories or links need not be present: /etc/X11 /usr/bin/X11 /usr/lib/X11 /proc


4.1. /dev

The following shall exist under /dev. Other devices may also exist in /dev. Device names may exist as symbolic links to other device nodes located in /dev or subdirectories of /dev. There is no requirement concerning major/minor number values.

/dev/null

An infinite data source and data sink. Data written to this device shall be discarded. Reads from this device shall always return end-of-file (EOF).

/dev/zero

This device is a source of zeroed out data. All data written to this device shall be discarded. A read from this device shall always return the requested number of bytes, each initialized to the value '\0'.

/dev/tty

In each process, a synonym for the controlling terminal associated with the process group of that process, if any. All reads and writes to this device shall behave as if the actual controlling terminal device had been opened.


4.2. User Accounting Databases

The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard specifies two optional locations for user accounting databases used by the getutent(), getutent_r(), getutxent(), getutxid(), getutxline(), and pututxline() functions. These are /var/run/utmp and /var/run/wtmp.

The LSB does not specify the format or structure of these files, or even if they are files at all. They should be used only as "magic cookies" to the utmpname() function.


4.3. Path For System Administration Utilities

Certain utilities used for system administration (and other privilieged commands) may be stored in /sbin, /usr/sbin, and /usr/local/sbin. Applications requiring to use commands identified as system administration utilities should add these directories to their PATH. By default, as described in ISO POSIX (2003), standard utilities shall be found on the PATH returned by getconf CS_PATH.


Chapter 5. Additional Recommendations

5.1. Minimal granted Directory and File permissions

In this Chapter "System" means an "LSB conforming implementation" and "application" means an "LSB conforming (third party vendor) application".

The system shall grant to the application read and execute permissions on files needed to use all system interfaces (ABIs) required by the LSB specification.


5.2. Recommendations for applications on ownership and permissions

5.2.1. Directory Write Permissions

The application should not depend on having directory write permission outside /tmp, /var/tmp, invoking user's home directory and /var/opt/package, (where package is the name of the application package).

The application should not depend on owning these directories.

For these directories the application should be able to work with directory write permissions restricted by the S_ISVTXT bit (otherwise known as the "sticky bit").


5.2.2. File Write Permissions

The application should not depend on file write permission on files not owned by the user it runs under with the exception of its personal inbox /var/mail/username.


5.2.3. File Read and execute Permissions

The application should not depend on having read permission to every file and directory.


5.2.4. Suid and Sgid Permissions

The application should not depend on the set user ID or set group ID (the S_ISUID or S_ISGID permissions of a file not packaged with the application. Instead, the distribution is responsible for assuming that all system commands have the required permissions and work correctly.

Rationale: In order to implement common security policies it is strongly advisable for applications to use the minimum set of security attributes necessary for correct operation. Applications that require substantial appropriate privilege are likely to cause problems with such security policies.


5.2.5. Privileged users

In general, applications should not depend on running as a privileged user. This specification uses the term "appropriate privilege" throughout to identify operations that cannot be achieved without some special granting of additional privilege.

Applications that have a reason to run with appropriate privilege should outline this reason clearly in their documentation. Users of the application should be informed, that "this application demands security privileges, which could interfere with system security".

The application should not contain binary-only software that requires being run with appropriate privilege, as this makes security auditing harder or even impossible.


5.2.6. Changing permissions

The application shall not change permissions of files and directories that do not belong to its own package. Should an application require that certain files and directories not directly belonging to the package have a particular ownership, the application shall document this requirement, and may fail during installation if the permissions on these files is inappropriate.


5.2.7. Removable Media (Cdrom, Floppy, etc.)

Applications that expect to be runnable from removable media should not depend on logging in as a privileged user, and should be prepared to deal with a restrictive environment. Examples of such restrictions could be default mount options that disable set-user/group-ID attributes, disabling block or character-special files on the medium, or remapping the user and group IDs of files away from any privileged value.

Rationale: System vendors and local system administrators want to run applications from removable media, but want the possibility to control what the application can do.


5.2.8. Installable applications

Where the installation of an application needs additional privileges, it must clearly document all files and system databases that are modified outside of those in /opt/pkg-name and /var/opt/pkg-name, other than those that may be updated by system logging or auditing activities.

Without this, the local system administrator would have to blindly trust a piece of software, particularly with respect to its security.


Chapter 6. Additional Behaviors

6.1. Mandatory Optional Behaviors

This section specifies behaviors in which there is optional behavior in one of the standards on which the LSB relies, and where the LSB requires a specific behavior.

Note: The LSB does not require the kernel to be Linux; the set of mandated options reflects current existing practice, but may be modified in future releases.

LSB conforming implementations shall support the following options defined within the ISO POSIX (2003):

_POSIX_FSYNC
_POSIX_MAPPED_FILES
_POSIX_MEMLOCK
_POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE
_POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION
_POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
_POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS
_POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR
_POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE
_POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED
_POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS
_POSIX_THREADS

The opendir() function shall consume a file descriptor in the same fashion as open(), and therefore may fail with EMFILE or ENFILE.

The START and STOP termios characters shall be changeable, as described as optional behavior in the "General Terminal Interface" section of the ISO POSIX (2003).

The access() function function shall fail with errno set to EINVAL if the amode argument contains bits other than those set by the bitwise inclusive OR of R_OK, W_OK, X_OK and F_OK.

The link() function shall require access to the existing file in order to succeed, as described as optional behavior in the ISO POSIX (2003).

Calling unlink() on a directory shall fail. Calling link() specifying a directory as the first argument shall fail. See also unlink.

Note: Linux allows rename() on a directory without having write access, but the LSB does not require this.


6.1.1. Special Requirements

LSB conforming systems shall enforce certain special additional restrictions above and beyond those required by ISO POSIX (2003).

Note: These additional restrictions are required in order to support the testing and certification programs associated with the LSB. In each case, these are values that defined macros must not have; conforming applications that use these values shall trigger a failure in the interface that is otherwise described as a "may fail".

The fcntl() function shall treat the "cmd" value -1 as invalid.

The whence value -1 shall be an invalid value for the lseek(), fseek() and fcntl() functions.

The value -5 shall be an invalid signal number.

If the sigaddset() or sigdelset() functions are passed an invalid signal number, they shall return with EINVAL. Implementations are only required to enforce this requirement for signal numbers which are specified to be invalid by this specification (such as the -5 mentioned above).

The mode value -1 to the access() function shall be treated as invalid.

A value of -1 shall be an invalid "_PC_..." value for pathconf().

A value of -1 shall be an invalid "_SC..." value for sysconf().

The nl_item value -1 shall be invalid for nl_langinfo().

The value -1 shall be an invalid "_CS_..." value for confstr().

The value "a" shall be an invalid mode argument to popen().


Chapter 7. Localization

7.1. Introduction

In order to install a message catalog, the installation procedure shall supply the message catalog in a format readable by the msgfmt utility, which shall be invoked to compile the message catalog into an appropriate binary format on the target system.

Rationale: The original intent was to allow an application to contain the binary GNU MO format files. However, the format of these files is not officially stable, hence it is necessary to compile these catalogs on the target system. These binary catalogs may differ from architecture to architecture as well.

The resulting binary message catalog shall be located in the package's private area under /opt, and the application may use bindtextdomain() to specify this location.

Implementations shall support the POSIX and C locales as specified in ISO POSIX (2003). Implementations may define additional locale categories not defined by that standard.

Note: Implementations choosing additional locale categories should be aware of ISO/IEC TR14652 and are advised not to choose names that conflict with that specification. If implementations provide locale categories whose names are part of the FDCC set of ISO/IEC TR14652, they should behave as defined by that specification.


7.2. Regular Expressions

Utilities that process regular expressions shall support Basic Regular Expressions and Extended Regular Expressions as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), with the following exceptions:

Range expression (such as [a-z]) can be based on code point order instead of collating element order.

Equivalence class expression (such as [=a=]) and multi-character collating element expression (such as [.ch.]) are optional.

Handling of a multi-character collating element is optional.

This affects at least the following utilities:

It also affects the behavior of interfaces in the base libraries, including at least


7.3. Pattern Matching Notation

Utilities that perform filename pattern matching (also known as Filename Globbing) shall do it as specified in ISO POSIX (2003), Pattern Matching Notation, with the following exceptions:

Pattern bracket expressions (such as [a-z]) can be based on code point order instead of collating element order.

Equivalence class expression (such as [=a=]) and multi-character collating element expression (such as [.ch.]) are optional.

Handling of a multi-character collating element is optional.

This affects at least the following utilities: cpio (cpio), find (find) and tar (tar).

V. System Initialization

Table of Contents
8. System Initialization

Chapter 8. System Initialization

8.1. Cron Jobs

In addition to the individual user crontab files specified by ISO POSIX (2003) stored under /var/spool/cron, the process that executes scheduled commands shall also process the following additional crontab files: /etc/crontab, /etc/cron.d/*. The installation of a package shall not modify the configuration file /etc/crontab.

If a package wishes to install a job that has to be executed periodically, it shall place an executable file in one of the following directories:

/etc/cron.daily
/etc/cron.weekly
/etc/cron.monthly

As these directory names suggest, the files within them are executed on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis, respectively, under the control of an entry in one of the system crontab files, at an unspecified time of day. See below for the rules concerning the names of files in these directories.

Note: It is recommended that files installed in any of these directories be scripts (e.g. shell scripts, Perl scripts, etc.) so that they may be modified by the local system administrator.

The scripts in these directories should check if all necessary programs are installed before they try to execute them. Otherwise, problems will arise if a package is removed (but not purged), since the configuration files are kept on the system in this situation.

If a certain task has to be executed at a different frequency (e.g. more frequently than daily), the package shall install a file /etc/cron.d/cron-name. The file shall have the same format as that described for the crontab command in ISO POSIX (2003), except that there shall be an additional field, username, before the name of the command to execute. For completeness, the seven fields shall be:

  1. Minute [0,59]

  2. Hour [0,23]

  3. Day of the month [1,31]

  4. Month of the year [1,12]

  5. Day of the week [0,6] (with 0=Sunday)

  6. Username

  7. command [args ...]

This file shall be processed by the system automatically, with the named command being run at the specified time, as the specified username.

To avoid namespace conflicts in the /etc/cron.* directories, the filenames used by LSB-compliant packages in /etc/cron.daily, /etc/cron.weekly, /etc/cron.monthly, or /etc/cron.d shall come from a managed namespace. These filenames may be assigned using one of the following methods:

  • Assigned names. Such names must be chosen from the character set [a-z0-9]. In order to avoid conflicts these names shall be reserved through the Linux Assigned Names and Numbers Authority (LANANA). Information about the LANANA may be found at www.lanana.org.

    Note: Commonly used names should be reserved in advance; developers for projects should be encouraged reserve names from LANANA, so that each distribution can use the same name, and to avoid conflicts with other projects.

  • Hierarchical names. Script names in this category take the form: <hier1>-<hier2>-...-<name>, where name is taken from the character set [a-z0-9], and where there may be one or more <hier-n> components. <hier1> may either be an LSB provider name assigned by the LANANA, or it may be owners' DNS name in lower case, with at least one '.'. e.g. "debian.org", "staroffice.sun.com", etc. The LSB provider name assigned by LANANA shall only consist of the ASCII characters [a-z0-9].

  • Reserved names. Names that begin with the character '_' are reserved for distribution use only. These names should be used for essential system packages only.


8.2. Init Script Actions

Init files provided by LSB applications shall accept one argument, saying what to do:

startstart the service
stopstop the service
restartstop and restart the service if the service is already running, otherwise start the service
try-restartrestart the service if the service is already running
reloadcause the configuration of the service to be reloaded without actually stopping and restarting the service
force-reloadcause the configuration to be reloaded if the service supports this, otherwise restart the service if it is running
statusprint the current status of the service

The start, stop, restart, force-reload, and status commands shall be supported by all init files; the reload and the try-restart options are optional. Other init script actions may be defined by the init script.

Init files shall ensure that they will behave sensibly if invoked with start when the service is already running, or with stop when it isn't, and that they don't kill unfortunately-named user processes. The best way to achieve this is to use the init-script functions provided by /lib/lsb/init-functions.

If a service reloads its configuration automatically (as in the case of cron, for example), the reload option of the init file shall behave as if the configuration has been reloaded successfully. The restart, try-restart, reload and force-reload action may be atomic; i.e. if a service is known not be operational after a restart or reload, the script may return an error without any further action.

These executable files shall not fail obscurely when the configuration files remain but the package has been removed, as the default in [the packaging system] is to leave configuration files on the system after the package has been removed. Only when it is executed with the [purge] option will [the packaging system] remove configuration files. Therefore, you should include a test statement at the top of the file, like this:

test -f program-executed-later-in-file || exit 5
or take the equivalent action if the init file is not a shell script.

If the status command is given, the init script will return the following exit status codes.

0program is running or service is OK
1program is dead and /var/run pid file exists
2program is dead and /var/lock lock file exists
3program is not running
4program or service status is unknown
5-99reserved for future LSB use
100-149reserved for distribution use
150-199reserved for application use
200-254reserved

In the case of init script commands other than "status" (i.e., "start", "stop", "restart", "try-restart", "reload", and "force-reload"), the init script shall return an exit status of zero if the action described by the argument has been successful. Otherwise, the exit status shall be non-zero, as defined below. In addition to straightforward success, the following situations are also to be considered successful:

  • restarting a service (instead of reloading it) with the "force-reload" argument

  • running "start" on a service already running

  • running "stop" on a service already stopped or not running

  • running "restart" on a service already stopped or not running

  • running "try-restart" on a service already stopped or not running

In case of an error, while processing any init script action except for "status", the init script shall print an error message and return one of the following non-zero exit status codes.

1generic or unspecified error (current practice)
2invalid or excess argument(s)
3unimplemented feature (for example, "reload")
4user had insufficient privilege
5program is not installed
6program is not configured
7program is not running
8-99reserved for future LSB use
100-149reserved for distribution use
150-199reserved for application use
200-254reserved

Error and status messages should be printed with the logging functions such as log_failure_msg and so on. Scripts may write to standard error or standard output, but implementations need not present text written to standard error/output to the user or do anything else with it.

Since init files may be run manually by a system administrator with non-standard environment variable values for PATH, USER, LOGNAME, etc. init files shall not depend on the values of these environment variables. They should set them to some known/default values if they are needed.


8.3. Comment Conventions for Init Scripts

LSB applications which need to execute script(s) at bootup and/or shutdown may provide one or more init.d files. These files are installed by the install_initd program described below, which copies it into a standard directory and makes whatever other adjustments (creation of symlinks, creation of entries in a database, etc.) are necessary so that the script can be run at boot-time.

Note: This specification does not require, but is designed to allow, the development of a system which runs boot scripts in parallel. Hence, enforced-serialization of scripts is avoided unless it is explicitly necessary.

In the init.d file, information about the shell script shall be delimited by the lines "### BEGIN INIT INFO" and "### END INIT INFO". These delimiter lines may containg trailing whitespace, which shall be ignored. Inside this block there shall be lines of the form "# {keyword}: [arg1] [arg2] ...". (All lines inside this block start with a hash ('#') character in the first column, so that shell treats them as comments.) There shall be exactly one space character between "#" and the keyword.

Note: More than one space, or a tab character, indicates the continuation line.

The following keywords, with their arguments are defined in this specification:

	# Provides: boot_facility_1 [ boot_facility_2 ...]
	# Required-Start: boot_facility_1 [ boot_facility_2 ...]
	# Required-Stop: boot_facility_1 [ boot_facility_2 ...]
	# Should-Start: boot_facility_1 [ boot_facility_2 ...]
	# Should-Stop: boot_facility_1 [ boot_facility_2 ...]
	# Default-Start: run_level_1 [ run_level_2 ...]
	# Default-Stop: run_level_1 [ run_level_2 ...]
	# Short-Description: short_description
	# Description: multiline_description

Additional keywords may be defined in future LSB specifications. Distributions may define local extensions by using the prefix "X-[distribution name]" --- for example, "X-RedHat-foobardecl", or "X-Debian-xyzzydecl".

An init.d shell script may declare using the "Required-Start: " header that it shall not be run until certain boot facilities are provided. This information is used by the installation tool or the boot-time boot-script execution facility to assure that init scripts are run in the correct order. When an init script is run with a "start" argument, the boot facility or facilities specified in the "Provides" header shall be considered present, and hence init scripts which require those boot facilities would then be eligble to be run. When an init script is run with a "stop" argument, the boot facilities specified in the "Provides" header are considered no longer present. There are naming conventions for boot facilities and system facilities, as described in a following section.

Similarly, the "Required-Stop:" header defines which facilities shall still be available during the shutdown of that service. Hence, the init script system should avoid stopping shell scripts which provide those facilities until this shell script is stopped.

The "Should-Start:" header defines which facilities if present should be started before this service. This allows for weak dependencies which do not cause the service to fail if a facility is not available. But may cause reduced functionality of the service. Compliant applications should not rely on the existence of this feature.

The "Should-Stop:" header defines which facilities should be still available during the shutdown of that service.

The "Default-Start" and "Default-Stop" headers define which run levels should by default run the script with a start or stop argument, respectively, to start or stop the services controlled by the init script.

Note: For example, if you want a service to run in runlevels 3, 4, and 5 (only), specify "Default-Start: 3 4 5" and "Default-Stop: 0 1 2 6".

The "Short-Description" and "Description" header fields are used to provide text which describes the actions of the init script. The "short_description" shall be a relatively short, pithy description of the init script, where as the "multiline_description" can be a much longer piece of text that may span mulitple lines. In a multiline description, each continuation line shall begin with a '#' followed by tab character or a '#' followed by at least two space characters. The multiline description is terminated by the first line that does not match this criteria.

The comment conventions described in this session are only required for use by LSB-compliant applications; system init scripts as provided by LSB-compliant run-time environments are not required to use the scheme outlined here.


8.4. Installation and Removal of init.d Files

An init.d file is installed in /etc/init.d (which may be a symlink to another location). This can be done by the package installer. See Script Names. During the package's postinstall script, the program /usr/lib/lsb/install_initd configures the distribution's boot script system to call the package's init.d file at the appropriate time.

Note: For example, install_initd might create symbolic links in /etc/rc2.d and other such directories which point to the files in /etc/init.d (or it might update a database, or some other mechanism). The init.d files themselves should already be in /etc/init.d before running install_initd.

The install_initd program takes a single argument, the pathname to the /etc/init.d file. For example:

	/usr/lib/lsb/install_initd /etc/init.d/example.com-coffeed

The install_initd program shall return an exit status of zero if the init.d file has been successfully installed or if the the init.d file was already installed. If the required boot facilities cannot be fulfilled an exit status of one shall be returned and the init.d file shall not be installed.

When a software package is removed, the package's preuninstall script shall call /usr/lib/lsb/remove_initd and pass the pathname to the /etc/init.d file. The package manager is still responsible for removing the /etc/init.d file; the remove_initd program is provided in case the distribution needs to clean up any other modifications in the distribution's boot script system that might have been made by the install_initd program. For example:

	/usr/lib/lsb/remove_initd /etc/init.d/example.com-coffeed

The remove_initd program shall return an exit status of zero if the init.d file has been successfully removed or if the the init.d file is not installed. If another init.d file which depends on a boot facility provided by this init.d file is installed, an exit status of one shall be returned and the init.d file shall remained installed.

Note: There should be a tool available to the user (e.g., RedHat's chkconfig) which can be used by the system administrator to easily manipulate at which init levels a particular init.d script is started or stopped. This specification currently does not specify such an interface, however.


8.5. Run Levels

The following run levels are specified for use by the "Default-Start:" and "Default-Stop:" specifiers as defined by the section Comment Conventions for Init Scripts. Many LSB run-time environments commonly use these run level definitions, and in the absence of other considerations, providers of run-time environments are strongly encouraged to follow this convention to provide consistency for system administrators who need to work with multiple distributions. However, it is not required that LSB-compliant run-time environments use these run levels; the distribution-provided install_initd script may map the run levels specified below to whatever distribution-specified run levels are most appropriate.

0halt
1single user mode
2multiuser with no network services exported
3normal/full multiuser
4reserved for local use, default is normal/full multiuser
5multiuser with xdm or equivalent
6reboot


8.6. Facility Names

Boot facilities are used to indicate dependencies in init scripts, as defined in a previous section. Facility names that begin with a dollar sign ('$') are system facility names, defined by the LSB, and SHALL be provided by distributions.

Note: The dollar sign does not indicate variable expansion as in many Linux utilities. Starting a facility name with a dollar sign is merely a way of dividing the namespace between the system and applications.

LSB applications shall not provide facilities that begin with a dollar sign. This document defines the following facility names:

$local_fsall local filesystems are mounted
$networklow level networking (ethernet card; may imply PCMCIA running)
$nameddaemons which may provide hostname resolution (if present) are running. For example, daemons to query DNS, NIS+, or LDAP.
$portmapdaemons providing SunRPC/ONCRPC portmapping service as defined in RFC 1833 (if present) are running
$remote_fsall remote filesystems are mounted. In some LSB run-time environments, filesystems such as /usr may be remote. Many applications that require $local_fs will probably require also require $remote_fs.
$syslogsystem logger is operational
$timethe system time has been set, for example by using a network-based time program such as ntp or rdate, or via the hardware Real Time Clock.

Other (non-system) facilities may be defined by other LSB applications. These facilities shall be named using the same conventions defined for naming init.d script names. Commonly, the facility provided by an LSB application init.d script will have the same name as the name assigned to the init.d script.


8.7. Script Names

Since init scripts live in a single directory, they must share a single namespace. To avoid conflicts, three means of assigning names from this namespace are provided:

  • Assigned names. Such names must be chosen from characters in the set [a-z0-9]. This category is desirable for scripts which system administrators may need to run manually: e.g., /etc/init.d/named restart. In order to avoid conflicts these names shall be reserved through the Linux Assigned Names and Numbers Authority (LANANA). Information about the LANANA may be found at www.lanana.org.

    Note: Commonly used names should be reserved in advance; developers for projects are encouraged to reserve names from LANANA, so that each distribution can use the same name for the project's init script and avoid conflicts with other projects.

  • Hierarchical names. Script names in this category take the form <hier1>-<hier2>-...-<name>, where name is chosen from characters in the set [a-z0-9], and where there may be one or more <hier-n> components. <hier1> may either be an LSB provider name assigned by the LANANA, or it may be the owners' DNS name in lower case, with at least one '.' (e.g., "debian.org", or "staroffice.sun.com"). The LSB provider name assigned by LANANA shall consist only of characters chosen from the set [a-z0-9].

  • Reserved names. Names in this category begin with the character '_', and are reserved for distribution use only. These names should be used for essential system packages only, and in general use of this part of the namespace is highly discouraged.

Note: In general, if a package or some system function is likely to be used on multiple systems, the package developers or the distribution should get a registered name through LANANA, and distributions should strive to use the same name whenever possible. For applications which may not be essential or may not be commonly installed, the hierarchical namespace may be more appropriate. An advantage to the hierarchical namespace is that there is no need to consult with the LANANA before obtaining an assigned name.

Short names are highly desirable, since system administrators may need to manually start and stop services. Given this, they should be standardized on a per-package basis. This is the rationale behind having the LANANA organization assign these names. The LANANA may be called upon to handle other namespace issues, such as package/prerequisites naming.


8.8. Init Script Functions

Each LSB-compliant init.d script shall source the file /lib/lsb/init-functions. This file shall cause the following shell script commands to be defined in an unspecified manner.

Note: This can be done either by adding a directory to the PATH variable which defines these commands, or by defining shell aliases.

Although the commands made available via this mechanism need not be LSB conforming applications in their own right, applications that use them should only depend on features described in the LSB.

Conforming scripts shall not specify the "exit on error" option (i.e. set -e) when sourcing this file, or calling any of the commands thus made available.

The start_daemon, killproc and pidofproc functions shall use the following algorithm for determining the status and the process identifiers of the specified program.

  1. If the -p pidfile option is specified, and the named pidfile exists, a single line at the start of the pidfile shall be read. If this line contains one or more numeric values, separated by spaces, these values shall be used.

  2. Otherwise, /var/run/basename.pid shall be read in a similar fashion. If this contains one or more numeric values on the first line, these values shall be used.

  3. Optionally, if neither of the above methods has determined the process identifiers required, implementations may use unspecified additional methods to locate the process identifiers required.

The method used to determine the status is implementation defined, but should allow for non-binary programs.

Note: Commonly used methods check either for the existence of the /proc/pid directory or use /proc/pid/exe and /proc/pid/cmdline. Relying only on /proc/pid/exe is discouraged since the LSB does not specify the existence of, or semantics for, /proc. Additionally, using /proc/pid/exe may result in a not-running status for daemons that are written in a script language.

Conforming implementations may use other mechanisms besides those based on pidfiles, unless the -p pidfile option has been used. Conforming applications should not rely on such mechanisms and should always use a pidfile. When a program is stopped, it should delete its pidfile. Multiple process identifiers shall be separated by a single space in the pidfile and in the output of pidofproc.

start_daemon [-f] [-n nicelevel] [-p pidfile] pathname [args...]

This runs the specified program as a daemon. The start_daemon function shall check if the program is already running using the algorithm given above. If so, it shall not start another copy of the daemon unless the -f option is given. The -n option specifies a nice level. See nice. start_daemon shall return the LSB defined exit status codes. It shall return 0 if the program has been successfully started or is running and not 0 otherwise.

killproc [-p pidfile] pathname [signal]

The killproc function shall stop the specified program. The program is found using the algorithm given above. If a signal is specified, using the -signal_name or -signal_number syntaxes as specified by the kill command, the program is sent that signal. Otherwise, a SIGTERM followed by a SIGKILL after an unspecified number of seconds shall be sent. If a program has been terminated, the pidfile should be removed if the terminated process has not already done so. The killproc function shall return the LSB defined exit status codes. If called without a signal, it shall return 0 if the program has been stopped or is not running and not 0 otherwise. If a signal is given, it shall return 0 only if the program is running.

pidofproc [-p pidfile] pathname

The pidofproc function shall return one or more process identifiers for a particular daemon using the algorithm given above. Only process identifiers of running processes should be returned. Multiple process identifiers shall be separated by a single space.

Note: A process may exit between pidofproc discovering its identity and the caller of pidofproc being able to act on that identity. As a result, no test assertion can be made that the process identifiers returned by pidofproc shall be running processes.

The pidofproc function shall return the LSB defined exit status codes for "status". It shall return 0 if the program is running and not 0 otherwise.

log_success_msg message

The log_success_msg function shall cause the system to print a success message.

Note: The message should be relatively short; no more than 60 characters is highly desirable.

log_failure_msg message

The log_failure_msg function shall cause the system to print a failure message.

Note: The message should be relatively short; no more than 60 characters is highly desirable.

log_warning_msg message

The log_warning_msg function shall cause the system to print a warning message.

Note: The message should be relatively short; no more than 60 characters is highly desirable.

VI. Users & Groups

Table of Contents
9. Users & Groups

Chapter 9. Users & Groups

9.1. User and Group Database

The format of the User and Group databases is not specified. Programs may only read these databases using the provided API. Changes to these databases should be made using the provided commands.


9.2. User & Group Names

Below is a table of required mnemonic user and group names. This specification makes no attempt to numerically assign uid or gid numbers. The exception is the uid and gid for "root" which are equal to 0.

Table 9-1. Required User & Group Names

UserGroupComments
rootrootAdministrative user with all appropriate privileges
binbinLegacy UID/GID[a]
daemondaemonLegacy UID/GID[b]
Notes:
a. The 'bin' UID/GID is included for compatibility with legacy applications. New applications should no longer use the 'bin' UID/GID.
b. The 'daemon' UID/GID was used as an unprivileged UID/GID for daemons to execute under in order to limit their access to the system. Generally daemons should now run under individual UID/GIDs in order to further partition daemons from one another.

Below is a table of optional mnemonic user and group names. This specification makes no attempt to numerically assign uid or gid numbers. If the username exists on a system, then they should be in the suggested corresponding group. These user and group names are for use by distributions, not by applications.

Table 9-2. Optional User & Group Names

UserGroupComments
admadmAdministrative special privileges
lplpPrinter special privileges
syncsyncLogin to sync the system
shutdownshutdownLogin to shutdown the system
halthaltLogin to halt the system
mailmailMail special privileges
newsnewsNews special privileges
uucpuucpUUCP special privileges
operatorrootOperator special privileges
manmanMan special privileges
nobodynobodyUsed by NFS

The differences in numeric values of the uids and gids between systems on a network can be reconciled via NIS, rdist(1), rsync(1), or ugidd(8). Only a minimum working set of "user names" and their corresponding "user groups" are required. Applications cannot assume non system user or group names will be defined.

Applications cannot assume any policy for the default umask or the default directory permissions a user may have. Applications should enforce user only file permissions on private files such as mailboxes. The location of the users home directory is also not defined by policy other than the recommendations of the FHS and shall be obtained by the *pwnam(3) calls.


9.3. UID Ranges

The system UIDs from 0 to 99 should be statically allocated by the system, and shall not be created by applications.

The system UIDs from 100 to 499 should be reserved for dynamic allocation by system administrators and post install scripts using useradd(1).


9.4. Rationale

The purpose of specifying optional users and groups is to reduce the potential for name conflicts between applications and distributions.


Appendix A. Alphabetical Listing of Interfaces


A.1. libc

The behaviour of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following Standards.

Large File Support
this specification
SUSv2
ISO POSIX (2003)
SVID Issue 3
SVID Issue 4

Table A-1. libc Function Interfaces

_Exit(GLIBC_2.1.1)[1]getrlimit(GLIBC_2.1.1)[1]sigaction(GLIBC_2.1.1)[1]
_IO_feof(GLIBC_2.0)[1]getrlimit64(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sigaddset(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
_IO_getc(GLIBC_2.0)[1]getrusage(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sigaltstack(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
_IO_putc(GLIBC_2.0)[1]getservbyname(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sigandset(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
_IO_puts(GLIBC_2.0)[1]getservbyport(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sigdelset(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__assert_fail(GLIBC_2.0)[1]getservent(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sigemptyset(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__ctype_b_loc[1]getsid()[1]sigfillset()[1]
__ctype_get_mb_cur_max(GLIBC_2.0)[1]getsockname(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sighold(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__ctype_tolower_loc[1]getsockopt()[1]sigignore()[1]
__ctype_toupper_loc[1]getsubopt()[1]siginterrupt()[1]
__cxa_atexit(GLIBC_2.1.3)[1]gettext(GLIBC_2.1.3)[1]sigisemptyset(GLIBC_2.1.3)[1]
__errno_location(GLIBC_2.0)[1]gettimeofday(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sigismember(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__fpending(GLIBC_2.2)[1]getuid(GLIBC_2.2)[1]siglongjmp(GLIBC_2.2)[1]
__fxstat(GLIBC_2.0)[1]getutent(GLIBC_2.0)[1]signal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__fxstat64(GLIBC_2.2)[1]getutent_r(GLIBC_2.2)[1]sigorset(GLIBC_2.2)[1]
__getpagesize(GLIBC_2.0)[1]getutxent(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sigpause(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__getpgid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]getutxid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sigpending(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__h_errno_location[1]getutxline()[1]sigprocmask()[1]
__isinf[1]getw()[1]sigqueue()[1]
__isinff[1]getwc()[1]sigrelse()[1]
__isinfl[1]getwchar()[1]sigreturn()[1]
__isnan[1]getwd()[1]sigset()[1]
__isnanf[1]glob()[1]sigsuspend()[1]
__isnanl[1]glob64()[1]sigtimedwait()[1]
__libc_current_sigrtmax(GLIBC_2.1)[1]globfree(GLIBC_2.1)[1]sigwait(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
__libc_current_sigrtmin(GLIBC_2.1)[1]globfree64(GLIBC_2.1)[1]sigwaitinfo(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
__libc_start_main(GLIBC_2.0)[1]gmtime(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sleep(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__lxstat(GLIBC_2.0)[1]gmtime_r(GLIBC_2.0)[1]snprintf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__lxstat64(GLIBC_2.2)[1]grantpt(GLIBC_2.2)[1]sockatmark[1]
__mempcpy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]hcreate(GLIBC_2.0)[1]socket(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__rawmemchr(GLIBC_2.1)[1]hdestroy(GLIBC_2.1)[1]socketpair(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
__register_atfork[1]hsearch()[1]sprintf()[1]
__sigsetjmp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]htonl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]srand(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__stpcpy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]htons(GLIBC_2.0)[1]srand48(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__strdup(GLIBC_2.0)[1]iconv(GLIBC_2.0)[1]srandom(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__strtod_internal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]iconv_close(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sscanf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__strtof_internal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]iconv_open(GLIBC_2.0)[1]statvfs(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__strtok_r(GLIBC_2.0)[1]if_freenameindex[1]statvfs64[1]
__strtol_internal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]if_indextoname[1]stime(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__strtold_internal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]if_nameindex[1]stpcpy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__strtoll_internal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]if_nametoindex[1]stpncpy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__strtoul_internal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]imaxabs(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strcasecmp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__strtoull_internal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]imaxdiv(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strcasestr(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__sysconf(GLIBC_2.2)[1]index(GLIBC_2.2)[1]strcat(GLIBC_2.2)[1]
__sysv_signal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]inet_addr(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strchr(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__wcstod_internal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]inet_ntoa(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strcmp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__wcstof_internal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]inet_ntop[1]strcoll(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__wcstol_internal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]inet_pton[1]strcpy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__wcstold_internal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]initgroups(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strcspn(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__wcstoul_internal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]initstate(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strdup(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__xmknod(GLIBC_2.0)[1]insque(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strerror(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__xstat(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ioctl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strerror_r(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
__xstat64(GLIBC_2.2)[1]isalnum(GLIBC_2.2)[1]strfmon(GLIBC_2.2)[1]
_exit(GLIBC_2.0)[1]isalpha(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strftime(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
_longjmp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]isascii(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strlen(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
_setjmp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]isatty(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strncasecmp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
_tolower(GLIBC_2.0)[1]isblank(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strncat(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
_toupper(GLIBC_2.0)[1]iscntrl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strncmp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
a64l(GLIBC_2.0)[1]isdigit(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strncpy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
abort(GLIBC_2.0)[1]isgraph(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strndup(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
abs(GLIBC_2.0)[1]islower(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strnlen(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
accept(GLIBC_2.0)[1]isprint(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strpbrk(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
access(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ispunct(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strptime(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
acct(GLIBC_2.0)[1]isspace(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strrchr(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
adjtime(GLIBC_2.0)[1]isupper(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strsep(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
alarm(GLIBC_2.0)[1]iswalnum(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strsignal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
asctime(GLIBC_2.0)[1]iswalpha(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strspn(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
asctime_r(GLIBC_2.0)[1]iswblank(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strstr(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
asprintf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]iswcntrl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strtod(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
atof(GLIBC_2.0)[1]iswctype(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strtof(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
atoi(GLIBC_2.0)[1]iswdigit(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strtoimax(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
atol(GLIBC_2.0)[1]iswgraph(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strtok(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
atoll[1]iswlower()[1]strtok_r()[1]
authnone_create(GLIBC_2.0)[1]iswprint(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strtol(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
basename(GLIBC_2.0)[1]iswpunct(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strtold(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
bcmp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]iswspace(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strtoll(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
bcopy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]iswupper(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strtoq(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
bind(GLIBC_2.0)[1]iswxdigit(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strtoul(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
bind_textdomain_codeset[1]isxdigit()[1]strtoull()[1]
bindresvport(GLIBC_2.0)[1]jrand48(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strtoumax(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
bindtextdomain(GLIBC_2.0)[1]key_decryptsession(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strtouq(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
brk(GLIBC_2.0)[1]kill(GLIBC_2.0)[1]strxfrm(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
bsd_signal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]killpg(GLIBC_2.0)[1]svc_getreqset(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
bsearch(GLIBC_2.0)[1]l64a(GLIBC_2.0)[1]svc_register(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
btowc(GLIBC_2.0)[1]labs(GLIBC_2.0)[1]svc_run(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
bzero(GLIBC_2.0)[1]lchown(GLIBC_2.0)[1]svc_sendreply(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
calloc(GLIBC_2.0)[1]lcong48(GLIBC_2.0)[1]svcerr_auth(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
catclose(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ldiv(GLIBC_2.0)[1]svcerr_decode(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
catgets(GLIBC_2.0)[1]lfind(GLIBC_2.0)[1]svcerr_noproc(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
catopen(GLIBC_2.0)[1]link(GLIBC_2.0)[1]svcerr_noprog(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
cfgetispeed(GLIBC_2.0)[1]listen(GLIBC_2.0)[1]svcerr_progvers(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
cfgetospeed(GLIBC_2.0)[1]llabs(GLIBC_2.0)[1]svcerr_systemerr(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
cfmakeraw(GLIBC_2.0)[1]lldiv(GLIBC_2.0)[1]svcerr_weakauth(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
cfsetispeed(GLIBC_2.0)[1]localeconv(GLIBC_2.0)[1]svctcp_create(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
cfsetospeed(GLIBC_2.0)[1]localtime(GLIBC_2.0)[1]svcudp_create(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
cfsetspeed(GLIBC_2.0)[1]localtime_r(GLIBC_2.0)[1]swab(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
chdir(GLIBC_2.0)[1]lockf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]swapcontext(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
chmod(GLIBC_2.0)[1]lockf64(GLIBC_2.0)[1]swprintf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
chown(GLIBC_2.1)[1]longjmp(GLIBC_2.1)[1]swscanf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
chroot(GLIBC_2.0)[1]lrand48(GLIBC_2.0)[1]symlink(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
clearerr(GLIBC_2.0)[1]lsearch(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sync(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
clnt_create(GLIBC_2.0)[1]lseek(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sysconf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
clnt_pcreateerror(GLIBC_2.0)[1]lseek64(GLIBC_2.0)[1]syslog(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
clnt_perrno(GLIBC_2.0)[1]makecontext(GLIBC_2.0)[1]system(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
clnt_perror(GLIBC_2.0)[1]malloc(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tcdrain(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
clnt_spcreateerror(GLIBC_2.0)[1]mblen(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tcflow(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
clnt_sperrno(GLIBC_2.0)[1]mbrlen(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tcflush(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
clnt_sperror(GLIBC_2.0)[1]mbrtowc(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tcgetattr(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
clock(GLIBC_2.0)[1]mbsinit(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tcgetpgrp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
close(GLIBC_2.0)[1]mbsnrtowcs(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tcgetsid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
closedir(GLIBC_2.0)[1]mbsrtowcs(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tcsendbreak(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
closelog(GLIBC_2.0)[1]mbstowcs(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tcsetattr(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
confstr(GLIBC_2.0)[1]mbtowc(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tcsetpgrp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
connect(GLIBC_2.0)[1]memccpy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tdelete[1]
creat(GLIBC_2.0)[1]memchr(GLIBC_2.0)[1]telldir(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
creat64(GLIBC_2.1)[1]memcmp(GLIBC_2.1)[1]tempnam(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
ctermid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]memcpy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]textdomain(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
ctime(GLIBC_2.0)[1]memmem(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tfind(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
ctime_r(GLIBC_2.0)[1]memmove(GLIBC_2.0)[1]time(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
cuserid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]memrchr(GLIBC_2.0)[1]times(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
daemon(GLIBC_2.0)[1]memset(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tmpfile(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
dcgettext(GLIBC_2.0)[1]mkdir(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tmpfile64(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
dcngettext[1]mkfifo()[1]tmpnam()[1]
dgettext[1]mkstemp()[1]toascii()[1]
difftime(GLIBC_2.0)[1]mkstemp64(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tolower(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
dirname(GLIBC_2.0)[1]mktemp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]toupper(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
div(GLIBC_2.0)[1]mktime(GLIBC_2.0)[1]towctrans(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
dngettext[1]mlock()[1]towlower()[1]
drand48(GLIBC_2.0)[1]mlockall(GLIBC_2.0)[1]towupper(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
dup(GLIBC_2.0)[1]mmap(GLIBC_2.0)[1]truncate(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
dup2(GLIBC_2.0)[1]mmap64(GLIBC_2.0)[1]truncate64(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
duplocale[1]mprotect()[1]tsearch()[1]
ecvt(GLIBC_2.0)[1]mrand48(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ttyname(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
endgrent(GLIBC_2.0)[1]msgctl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ttyname_r(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
endprotoent(GLIBC_2.0)[1]msgget(GLIBC_2.0)[1]twalk(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
endpwent(GLIBC_2.0)[1]msgrcv(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tzset(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
endservent(GLIBC_2.0)[1]msgsnd(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ualarm(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
endutent(GLIBC_2.0)[1]msync(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ulimit(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
endutxent(GLIBC_2.1)[1]munlock(GLIBC_2.1)[1]umask(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
erand48(GLIBC_2.0)[1]munlockall(GLIBC_2.0)[1]uname(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
err(GLIBC_2.0)[1]munmap(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ungetc(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
error(GLIBC_2.0)[1]nanosleep(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ungetwc(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
errx(GLIBC_2.0)[1]newlocale[1]unlink(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
execl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]nftw(GLIBC_2.0)[1]unlockpt(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
execle(GLIBC_2.0)[1]nftw64(GLIBC_2.0)[1]unsetenv[1]
execlp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ngettext[1]uselocale[1]
execv(GLIBC_2.0)[1]nice(GLIBC_2.0)[1]usleep(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
execve(GLIBC_2.0)[1]nl_langinfo(GLIBC_2.0)[1]utime(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
execvp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]nrand48(GLIBC_2.0)[1]utimes(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
exit(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ntohl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]utmpname[1]
fchdir(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ntohs(GLIBC_2.0)[1]vasprintf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fchmod(GLIBC_2.0)[1]open(GLIBC_2.0)[1]vdprintf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fchown(GLIBC_2.0)[1]open64(GLIBC_2.0)[1]verrx(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fclose(GLIBC_2.1)[1]opendir(GLIBC_2.1)[1]vfork(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
fcntl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]openlog(GLIBC_2.0)[1]vfprintf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fcvt(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pathconf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]vfscanf[1]
fdatasync(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pause(GLIBC_2.0)[1]vfwprintf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fdopen(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pclose(GLIBC_2.1)[1]vfwscanf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
feof(GLIBC_2.0)[1]perror(GLIBC_2.0)[1]vprintf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
ferror(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pipe(GLIBC_2.0)[1]vscanf[1]
fflush(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pmap_getport(GLIBC_2.0)[1]vsnprintf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fflush_unlocked(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pmap_set(GLIBC_2.0)[1]vsprintf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
ffs(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pmap_unset(GLIBC_2.0)[1]vsscanf[1]
fgetc(GLIBC_2.0)[1]poll(GLIBC_2.0)[1]vswprintf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fgetpos(GLIBC_2.0)[1]popen(GLIBC_2.0)[1]vswscanf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fgetpos64(GLIBC_2.1)[1]posix_memalign(GLIBC_2.1)[1]vsyslog[1]
fgets(GLIBC_2.0)[1]posix_openpt[1]vwprintf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fgetwc(GLIBC_2.2)[1]printf(GLIBC_2.2)[1]vwscanf(GLIBC_2.2)[1]
fgetwc_unlocked(GLIBC_2.2)[1]psignal(GLIBC_2.2)[1]wait(GLIBC_2.2)[1]
fgetws(GLIBC_2.2)[1]ptsname(GLIBC_2.2)[1]wait4(GLIBC_2.2)[1]
fileno(GLIBC_2.0)[1]putc(GLIBC_2.0)[1]waitpid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
flock(GLIBC_2.0)[1]putc_unlocked(GLIBC_2.0)[1]warn(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
flockfile(GLIBC_2.0)[1]putchar(GLIBC_2.0)[1]warnx(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fmtmsg(GLIBC_2.1)[1]putchar_unlocked(GLIBC_2.1)[1]wcpcpy(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
fnmatch(GLIBC_2.2.3)[1]putenv(GLIBC_2.2.3)[1]wcpncpy(GLIBC_2.2.3)[1]
fopen(GLIBC_2.1)[1]puts(GLIBC_2.1)[1]wcrtomb(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
fopen64(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pututxline(GLIBC_2.1)[1]wcscasecmp(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
fork(GLIBC_2.0)[1]putw(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcscat(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fpathconf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]putwc(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcschr(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fprintf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]putwchar(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcscmp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fputc(GLIBC_2.0)[1]qsort(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcscoll(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fputs(GLIBC_2.0)[1]raise(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcscpy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fputwc(GLIBC_2.2)[1]rand(GLIBC_2.2)[1]wcscspn(GLIBC_2.2)[1]
fputws(GLIBC_2.2)[1]rand_r(GLIBC_2.2)[1]wcsdup(GLIBC_2.2)[1]
fread(GLIBC_2.0)[1]random(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcsftime(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
free(GLIBC_2.0)[1]read(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcslen(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
freeaddrinfo[1]readdir()[1]wcsncasecmp()[1]
freelocale[1]readdir64()[1]wcsncat()[1]
freopen(GLIBC_2.0)[1]readdir_r[1]wcsncmp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
freopen64(GLIBC_2.1)[1]readlink(GLIBC_2.1)[1]wcsncpy(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
fscanf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]readv(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcsnlen(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fseek(GLIBC_2.0)[1]realloc(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcsnrtombs(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fseeko(GLIBC_2.1)[1]realpath(GLIBC_2.1)[1]wcspbrk(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
fseeko64(GLIBC_2.1)[1]recv(GLIBC_2.1)[1]wcsrchr(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
fsetpos(GLIBC_2.0)[1]recvfrom(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcsrtombs(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fsetpos64(GLIBC_2.1)[1]recvmsg(GLIBC_2.1)[1]wcsspn(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
fstatvfs(GLIBC_2.1)[1]regcomp(GLIBC_2.1)[1]wcsstr(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
fstatvfs64(GLIBC_2.1)[1]regerror(GLIBC_2.1)[1]wcstod(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
fsync(GLIBC_2.0)[1]regexec(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcstof(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
ftell(GLIBC_2.0)[1]regfree(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcstoimax(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
ftello(GLIBC_2.1)[1]remove(GLIBC_2.1)[1]wcstok(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
ftello64(GLIBC_2.1)[1]remque(GLIBC_2.1)[1]wcstol(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
ftime(GLIBC_2.0)[1]rename(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcstold(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
ftok(GLIBC_2.0)[1]rewind(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcstoll(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
ftruncate(GLIBC_2.0)[1]rewinddir(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcstombs(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
ftruncate64(GLIBC_2.1)[1]rindex(GLIBC_2.1)[1]wcstoq(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
ftrylockfile(GLIBC_2.0)[1]rmdir(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcstoul(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
ftw(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sbrk(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcstoull(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
ftw64(GLIBC_2.1)[1]scanf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]wcstoumax(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
funlockfile(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sched_get_priority_max(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcstouq(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fwide(GLIBC_2.2)[1]sched_get_priority_min(GLIBC_2.2)[1]wcswcs(GLIBC_2.2)[1]
fwprintf(GLIBC_2.2)[1]sched_getparam(GLIBC_2.2)[1]wcswidth(GLIBC_2.2)[1]
fwrite(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sched_getscheduler(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcsxfrm(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
fwscanf(GLIBC_2.2)[1]sched_rr_get_interval(GLIBC_2.2)[1]wctob(GLIBC_2.2)[1]
gai_strerror[1]sched_setparam()[1]wctomb()[1]
gcvt(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sched_setscheduler(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wctrans(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getaddrinfo[1]sched_yield()[1]wctype()[1]
getc(GLIBC_2.0)[1]seed48(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wcwidth(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getc_unlocked(GLIBC_2.0)[1]seekdir(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wmemchr(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getchar(GLIBC_2.0)[1]select(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wmemcmp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getchar_unlocked(GLIBC_2.0)[1]semctl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wmemcpy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getcontext(GLIBC_2.1)[1]semget(GLIBC_2.1)[1]wmemmove(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
getcwd(GLIBC_2.0)[1]semop(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wmemset(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getdate(GLIBC_2.1)[1]send(GLIBC_2.1)[1]wordexp(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
getegid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sendmsg(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wordfree(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getenv(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sendto(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wprintf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
geteuid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setbuf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]write(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getgid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setbuffer(GLIBC_2.0)[1]writev(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getgrent(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setcontext(GLIBC_2.0)[1]wscanf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getgrgid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setegid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_accepted_reply(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getgrgid_r(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setenv[1]xdr_array(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getgrnam(GLIBC_2.0)[1]seteuid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_bool(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getgrnam_r(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setgid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_bytes(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getgrouplist[1]setgrent()[1]xdr_callhdr()[1]
getgroups(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setgroups(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_callmsg(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
gethostbyaddr(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sethostname(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_char(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
gethostbyname(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setitimer(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_double(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
gethostid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setlocale(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_enum(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
gethostname(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setlogmask(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_float(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getitimer(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setpgid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_free(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getloadavg(GLIBC_2.2)[1]setpgrp(GLIBC_2.2)[1]xdr_int(GLIBC_2.2)[1]
getlogin(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setpriority(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_long(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getnameinfo[1]setprotoent()[1]xdr_opaque()[1]
getopt(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setpwent(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_opaque_auth(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getopt_long(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setregid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_pointer(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getopt_long_only(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setreuid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_reference(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getpagesize(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setrlimit(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_rejected_reply(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getpeername(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setrlimit64[1]xdr_replymsg(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getpgid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setservent(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_short(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getpgrp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setsid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_string(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getpid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setsockopt(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_u_char(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getppid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setstate(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_u_int(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getpriority(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setuid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_u_long(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getprotobyname(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setutent(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_u_short(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getprotobynumber(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setutxent(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_union(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getprotoent(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setvbuf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_vector(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getpwent(GLIBC_2.0)[1]shmat(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_void(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getpwnam(GLIBC_2.0)[1]shmctl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdr_wrapstring(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getpwnam_r(GLIBC_2.0)[1]shmdt(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdrmem_create(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getpwuid(GLIBC_2.0)[1]shmget(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdrrec_create(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
getpwuid_r(GLIBC_2.0)[1]shutdown(GLIBC_2.0)[1]xdrrec_eof(GLIBC_2.0)[1]

Table A-2. libc Data Interfaces

__daylight__timezone_sys_errlist
__environ__tzname 

A.2. libcrypt

The behaviour of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following Standards.

ISO POSIX (2003)

Table A-3. libcrypt Function Interfaces

crypt(GLIBC_2.0)[1]encrypt(GLIBC_2.0)[1]setkey(GLIBC_2.0)[1]

A.3. libdl

The behaviour of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following Standards.

this specification
ISO POSIX (2003)

Table A-4. libdl Function Interfaces

dladdr(GLIBC_2.0)[1]dlerror(GLIBC_2.0)[1]dlsym(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
dlclose(GLIBC_2.0)[1]dlopen(GLIBC_2.0)[1] 

A.4. libm

The behaviour of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following Standards.

ISO C (1999)
this specification
SUSv2
ISO POSIX (2003)

Table A-5. libm Function Interfaces

__finite[1]csinhf()[1]log10()[1]
__finitef[1]csinhl()[1]log10f[1]
__finitel[1]csinl()[1]log10l[1]
__fpclassify[1]csqrt()[1]log1p()[1]
__fpclassifyf[1]csqrtf()[1]log1pf[1]
__signbit[1]csqrtl()[1]log1pl[1]
__signbitf[1]ctan()[1]log2[1]
acos(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ctanf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]log2f[1]
acosf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ctanh(GLIBC_2.0)[1]log2l[1]
acosh(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ctanhf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]logb(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
acoshf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ctanhl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]logbf[1]
acoshl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ctanl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]logbl[1]
acosl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]dremf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]logf[1]
asin(GLIBC_2.0)[1]dreml(GLIBC_2.0)[1]logl[1]
asinf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]erf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]lrint(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
asinh(GLIBC_2.0)[1]erfc(GLIBC_2.0)[1]lrintf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
asinhf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]erfcf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]lrintl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
asinhl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]erfcl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]lround(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
asinl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]erff(GLIBC_2.0)[1]lroundf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
atan(GLIBC_2.0)[1]erfl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]lroundl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
atan2(GLIBC_2.0)[1]exp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]matherr(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
atan2f(GLIBC_2.0)[1]exp2[1]modf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
atan2l(GLIBC_2.0)[1]exp2f[1]modff(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
atanf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]expf[1]modfl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
atanh(GLIBC_2.0)[1]expl[1]nan(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
atanhf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]expm1(GLIBC_2.0)[1]nanf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
atanhl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]expm1f[1]nanl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
atanl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]expm1l[1]nearbyint(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
cabs(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fabs(GLIBC_2.1)[1]nearbyintf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cabsf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fabsf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]nearbyintl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cabsl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fabsl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]nextafter(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cacos(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fdim(GLIBC_2.1)[1]nextafterf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cacosf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fdimf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]nextafterl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cacosh(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fdiml(GLIBC_2.1)[1]nexttoward(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cacoshf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]feclearexcept(GLIBC_2.1)[1]nexttowardf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cacoshl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fegetenv(GLIBC_2.1)[1]nexttowardl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cacosl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fegetexceptflag(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pow(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
carg(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fegetround(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pow10(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cargf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]feholdexcept(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pow10f(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cargl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]feraiseexcept(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pow10l(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
casin(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fesetenv(GLIBC_2.1)[1]powf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
casinf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fesetexceptflag(GLIBC_2.1)[1]powl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
casinh(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fesetround(GLIBC_2.1)[1]remainder(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
casinhf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fetestexcept(GLIBC_2.1)[1]remainderf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
casinhl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]feupdateenv(GLIBC_2.1)[1]remainderl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
casinl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]finite(GLIBC_2.1)[1]remquo(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
catan(GLIBC_2.1)[1]finitef(GLIBC_2.1)[1]remquof(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
catanf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]finitel(GLIBC_2.1)[1]remquol(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
catanh(GLIBC_2.1)[1]floor(GLIBC_2.1)[1]rint(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
catanhf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]floorf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]rintf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
catanhl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]floorl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]rintl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
catanl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fma(GLIBC_2.1)[1]round(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cbrt(GLIBC_2.0)[1]fmaf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]roundf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
cbrtf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]fmal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]roundl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
cbrtl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]fmax(GLIBC_2.0)[1]scalb(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
ccos(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fmaxf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]scalbf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
ccosf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fmaxl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]scalbl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
ccosh(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fmin(GLIBC_2.1)[1]scalbln(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
ccoshf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fminf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]scalblnf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
ccoshl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fminl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]scalblnl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
ccosl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]fmod(GLIBC_2.1)[1]scalbn(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
ceil(GLIBC_2.0)[1]fmodf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]scalbnf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
ceilf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]fmodl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]scalbnl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
ceill(GLIBC_2.0)[1]frexp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]significand(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
cexp(GLIBC_2.1)[1]frexpf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]significandf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cexpf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]frexpl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]significandl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cexpl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]gamma(GLIBC_2.1)[1]sin(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cimag(GLIBC_2.1)[1]gammaf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]sincos(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cimagf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]gammal(GLIBC_2.1)[1]sincosf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cimagl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]hypot(GLIBC_2.1)[1]sincosl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
clog(GLIBC_2.1)[1]hypotf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]sinf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
clog10(GLIBC_2.1)[1]hypotl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]sinh(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
clog10f(GLIBC_2.1)[1]ilogb(GLIBC_2.1)[1]sinhf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
clog10l(GLIBC_2.1)[1]ilogbf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]sinhl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
clogf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]ilogbl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]sinl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
clogl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]j0(GLIBC_2.1)[1]sqrt(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
conj(GLIBC_2.1)[1]j0f(GLIBC_2.1)[1]sqrtf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
conjf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]j0l(GLIBC_2.1)[1]sqrtl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
conjl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]j1(GLIBC_2.1)[1]tan(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
copysign(GLIBC_2.0)[1]j1f(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tanf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
copysignf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]j1l(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tanh(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
copysignl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]jn(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tanhf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
cos(GLIBC_2.0)[1]jnf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tanhl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
cosf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]jnl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tanl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
cosh(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ldexp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tgamma(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
coshf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ldexpf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tgammaf(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
coshl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]ldexpl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]tgammal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
cosl(GLIBC_2.0)[1]lgamma(GLIBC_2.0)[1]trunc(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
cpow(GLIBC_2.1)[1]lgamma_r(GLIBC_2.1)[1]truncf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cpowf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]lgammaf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]truncl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cpowl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]lgammaf_r(GLIBC_2.1)[1]y0(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cproj(GLIBC_2.1)[1]lgammal(GLIBC_2.1)[1]y0f(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cprojf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]lgammal_r(GLIBC_2.1)[1]y0l(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
cprojl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]llrint(GLIBC_2.1)[1]y1(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
creal(GLIBC_2.1)[1]llrintf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]y1f(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
crealf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]llrintl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]y1l(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
creall(GLIBC_2.1)[1]llround(GLIBC_2.1)[1]yn(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
csin(GLIBC_2.1)[1]llroundf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]ynf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
csinf(GLIBC_2.1)[1]llroundl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]ynl(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
csinh(GLIBC_2.1)[1]log(GLIBC_2.1)[1] 

Table A-6. libm Data Interfaces

signgam  

A.5. libncurses

The behaviour of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following Standards.

X/Open Curses

Table A-7. libncurses Function Interfaces

addch[1]mvdelch[1]slk_refresh[1]
addchnstr[1]mvderwin[1]slk_restore[1]
addchstr[1]mvgetch[1]slk_set[1]
addnstr[1]mvgetnstr[1]slk_touch[1]
addstr[1]mvgetstr[1]standend[1]
attr_get[1]mvhline[1]standout[1]
attr_off[1]mvinch[1]start_color[1]
attr_on[1]mvinchnstr[1]subpad[1]
attr_set[1]mvinchstr[1]subwin[1]
attroff[1]mvinnstr[1]syncok[1]
attron[1]mvinsch[1]termattrs[1]
attrset[1]mvinsnstr[1]termname[1]
baudrate[1]mvinsstr[1]tgetent[1]
beep[1]mvinstr[1]tgetflag[1]
bkgd[1]mvprintw[1]tgetnum[1]
bkgdset[1]mvscanw[1]tgetstr[1]
border[1]mvvline[1]tgoto[1]
box[1]mvwaddch[1]tigetflag[1]
can_change_color[1]mvwaddchnstr[1]tigetnum[1]
cbreak[1]mvwaddchstr[1]tigetstr[1]
chgat[1]mvwaddnstr[1]timeout[1]
clear[1]mvwaddstr[1]touchline[1]
clearok[1]mvwchgat[1]touchwin[1]
clrtobot[1]mvwdelch[1]tparm[1]
clrtoeol[1]mvwgetch[1]tputs[1]
color_content[1]mvwgetnstr[1]typeahead[1]
color_set[1]mvwgetstr[1]unctrl[1]
copywin[1]mvwhline[1]ungetch[1]
curs_set[1]mvwin[1]untouchwin[1]
def_prog_mode[1]mvwinch[1]use_env[1]
def_shell_mode[1]mvwinchnstr[1]vidattr[1]
del_curterm[1]mvwinchstr[1]vidputs[1]
delay_output[1]mvwinnstr[1]vline[1]
delch[1]mvwinsch[1]vw_printw[1]
deleteln[1]mvwinsnstr[1]vw_scanw[1]
delscreen[1]mvwinsstr[1]vwprintw[1]
delwin[1]mvwinstr[1]vwscanw[1]
derwin[1]mvwprintw[1]waddch[1]
doupdate[1]mvwscanw[1]waddchnstr[1]
dupwin[1]mvwvline[1]waddchstr[1]
echo[1]napms[1]waddnstr[1]
echochar[1]newpad[1]waddstr[1]
endwin[1]newterm[1]wattr_get[1]
erase[1]newwin[1]wattr_off[1]
erasechar[1]nl[1]wattr_on[1]
filter[1]nocbreak[1]wattr_set[1]
flash[1]nodelay[1]wattroff[1]
flushinp[1]noecho[1]wattron[1]
getbkgd[1]nonl[1]wattrset[1]
getch[1]noqiflush[1]wbkgd[1]
getnstr[1]noraw[1]wbkgdset[1]
getstr[1]notimeout[1]wborder[1]
getwin[1]overlay[1]wchgat[1]
halfdelay[1]overwrite[1]wclear[1]
has_colors[1]pair_content[1]wclrtobot[1]
has_ic[1]pechochar[1]wclrtoeol[1]
has_il[1]pnoutrefresh[1]wcolor_set[1]
hline[1]prefresh[1]wcursyncup[1]
idcok[1]printw[1]wdelch[1]
idlok[1]putp[1]wdeleteln[1]
immedok[1]putwin[1]wechochar[1]
inch[1]qiflush[1]werase[1]
inchnstr[1]raw[1]wgetch[1]
inchstr[1]redrawwin[1]wgetnstr[1]
init_color[1]refresh[1]wgetstr[1]
init_pair[1]reset_prog_mode[1]whline[1]
initscr[1]reset_shell_mode[1]winch[1]
innstr[1]resetty[1]winchnstr[1]
insch[1]restartterm[1]winchstr[1]
insdelln[1]ripoffline[1]winnstr[1]
insertln[1]savetty[1]winsch[1]
insnstr[1]scanw[1]winsdelln[1]
insstr[1]scr_dump[1]winsertln[1]
instr[1]scr_init[1]winsnstr[1]
intrflush[1]scr_restore[1]winsstr[1]
is_linetouched[1]scr_set[1]winstr[1]
is_wintouched[1]scrl[1]wmove[1]
isendwin[1]scroll[1]wnoutrefresh[1]
keyname[1]scrollok[1]wprintw[1]
keypad[1]set_curterm[1]wredrawln[1]
killchar[1]set_term[1]wrefresh[1]
leaveok[1]setscrreg[1]wscanw[1]
longname[1]setupterm[1]wscrl[1]
meta[1]slk_attr_set[1]wsetscrreg[1]
move[1]slk_attroff[1]wstandend[1]
mvaddch[1]slk_attron[1]wstandout[1]
mvaddchnstr[1]slk_attrset[1]wsyncdown[1]
mvaddchstr[1]slk_clear[1]wsyncup[1]
mvaddnstr[1]slk_color[1]wtimeout[1]
mvaddstr[1]slk_init[1]wtouchln[1]
mvchgat[1]slk_label[1]wvline[1]
mvcur[1]slk_noutrefresh[1] 

Table A-8. libncurses Data Interfaces

COLORSLINEScurscr
COLOR_PAIRSacs_mapstdscr
COLScur_term 

A.6. libpam

The behaviour of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following Standards.

this specification

Table A-9. libpam Function Interfaces

pam_acct_mgmt[1]pam_fail_delay[1]pam_setcred[1]
pam_authenticate[1]pam_get_item[1]pam_start[1]
pam_chauthtok[1]pam_getenvlist[1]pam_strerror[1]
pam_close_session[1]pam_open_session[1] 
pam_end[1]pam_set_item[1] 

A.7. libpthread

The behaviour of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following Standards.

Large File Support
this specification
ISO POSIX (2003)

Table A-10. libpthread Function Interfaces

_pthread_cleanup_pop[1]pthread_condattr_destroy()[1]pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock[1]
_pthread_cleanup_push[1]pthread_condattr_getpshared[1]pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock()[1]
pread(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pthread_condattr_init(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pthread_rwlock_trywrlock(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
pread64(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pthread_condattr_setpshared[1]pthread_rwlock_unlock(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
pthread_attr_destroy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_create(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_rwlock_wrlock(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
pthread_attr_getdetachstate(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_detach(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_rwlockattr_destroy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
pthread_attr_getguardsize(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pthread_equal(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pthread_rwlockattr_getpshared(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
pthread_attr_getinheritsched(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_exit(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_rwlockattr_init(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
pthread_attr_getschedparam(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_getconcurrency[1]pthread_rwlockattr_setpshared(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
pthread_attr_getschedpolicy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_getschedparam(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_self(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
pthread_attr_getscope(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_getspecific(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_setcancelstate(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
pthread_attr_getstack[1]pthread_join()[1]pthread_setcanceltype()[1]
pthread_attr_getstackaddr(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pthread_key_create(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pthread_setconcurrency[1]
pthread_attr_getstacksize(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pthread_key_delete(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pthread_setschedparam(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
pthread_attr_init(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pthread_kill(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pthread_setschedprio[1]
pthread_attr_setdetachstate(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_mutex_destroy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_setspecific(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
pthread_attr_setguardsize(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pthread_mutex_init(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pthread_sigmask(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
pthread_attr_setinheritsched(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_mutex_lock(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_testcancel(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
pthread_attr_setschedparam(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_mutex_trylock(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pwrite(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
pthread_attr_setschedpolicy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_mutex_unlock(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pwrite64(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
pthread_attr_setscope(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_mutexattr_destroy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sem_close(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
pthread_attr_setstack[1]pthread_mutexattr_getpshared()[1]sem_destroy()[1]
pthread_attr_setstackaddr(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pthread_mutexattr_gettype(GLIBC_2.1)[1]sem_getvalue(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
pthread_attr_setstacksize(GLIBC_2.1)[1]pthread_mutexattr_init(GLIBC_2.1)[1]sem_init(GLIBC_2.1)[1]
pthread_cancel(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_mutexattr_setpshared(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sem_open(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
pthread_cond_broadcast(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_mutexattr_settype(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sem_post(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
pthread_cond_destroy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_once(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sem_timedwait(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
pthread_cond_init(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_rwlock_destroy(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sem_trywait(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
pthread_cond_signal(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_rwlock_init(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sem_unlink(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
pthread_cond_timedwait(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_rwlock_rdlock(GLIBC_2.0)[1]sem_wait(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
pthread_cond_wait(GLIBC_2.0)[1]pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock[1] 

A.8. libutil

The behaviour of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following Standards.

this specification

Table A-11. libutil Function Interfaces

forkpty(GLIBC_2.0)[1]login_tty(GLIBC_2.0)[1]logwtmp(GLIBC_2.0)[1]
login(GLIBC_2.0)[1]logout(GLIBC_2.0)[1]openpty(GLIBC_2.0)[1]

A.9. libz

The behaviour of the interfaces in this library is specified by the following Standards.

this specification

Table A-12. libz Function Interfaces

adler32[1]gzclose[1]gztell[1]
compress[1]gzdopen[1]gzwrite[1]
compress2[1]gzeof[1]inflate[1]
compressBound[1]gzerror[1]inflateEnd[1]
crc32[1]gzflush[1]inflateInit2_[1]
deflate[1]gzgetc[1]inflateInit_[1]
deflateBound[1]gzgets[1]inflateReset[1]
deflateCopy[1]gzopen[1]inflateSetDictionary[1]
deflateEnd[1]gzprintf[1]inflateSync[1]
deflateInit2_[1]gzputc[1]inflateSyncPoint[1]
deflateInit_[1]gzputs[1]uncompress[1]
deflateParams[1]gzread[1]zError[1]
deflateReset[1]gzrewind[1]zlibVersion[1]
deflateSetDictionary[1]gzseek[1] 
get_crc_table[1]gzsetparams[1] 

I. Package Format and Installation

Table of Contents
1. Software Installation

Chapter 1. Software Installation

Applications shall either be packaged in the RPM packaging format as defined in this specification, or supply an installer which is LSB conforming (for example, calls LSB commands and utilities). [2]

Distributions shall provide a mechanism for installing applications in this packaging format with some restrictions listed below. [3]


1.1. Package File Format

An RPM format file consists of 4 sections, the Lead, Signature, Header, and the Payload. All values are stored in network byte order.

Table 1-1. RPM File Format

Lead
Signature
Header
Payload

These 4 sections shall exist in the order specified.

The lead section is used to identify the package file.

The signature section is used to verify the integrity, and optionally, the authenticity of the majority of the package file.

The header section contains all available information about the package. Entries such as the package's name, version, and file list, are contained in the header.

The payload section holds the files to be install.


1.1.1. Lead Section

struct rpmlead {
    unsigned char magic[4];
    unsigned char major, minor;
    short type;
    short archnum;
    char name[66];
    short osnum;
    short signature_type;
    char reserved[16];
} ;

magic

Value identifying this file as an RPM format file. This value shall be "\355\253\356\333".

major

Value indicating the major version number of the file format version. This value shall be 3.

minor

Value indicating the minor revision number of file format version. This value shall be 0.

type

Value indicating whether this is a source or binary package. This value shall be 0 to indicate a binary package.

archnum

Value indicating the architecture for which this package is valid. This value is specified in the architecture-specific LSB specification.

name

A NUL terminated string that provides the package name. This name shall conform with the Package Naming section of this specification.

osnum

Value indicating the Operating System for which this package is valid. This value shall be 1.

signature_type

Value indicating the type of the signature used in the Signature part of the file. This value shall be 5.

reserved

Reserved space. The value is undefined.


1.1.2. Header Structure

The Header structure is used for both the Signature and Header Sections. A Header Structure consists of 3 parts, a Header record, followed by 1 or more Index records, followed by 0 or more bytes of data associated with the Index records. A Header structure shall be aligned to an 8 byte boundary.

Table 1-2. Signature Format

Header Record
Array of Index Records
Store of Index Values

1.1.2.1. Header Record

struct rpmheader {
    unsigned char magic[4];
    unsigned char reserved[4];
    int nindex;
    int hsize;
    } ;

magic

Value identifying this record as an RPM header record. This value shall be "\216\255\350\001".

reserved

Reserved space. This value shall be "\000\000\000\000".

nindex

The number of Index Records that follow this Header Record. There should be at least 1 Index Record.

hsize

The size in bytes of the storage area for the data pointed to by the Index Records.


1.1.2.2. Index Record

struct rpmhdrindex {
    int tag;
    int type;
    int offset;
    int count;
    } ;

tag

Value identifying the purpose of the data associated with this Index Record. This value of this field is dependent on the context in which the Index Record is used, and is defined below and in later sections.

type

Value identifying the type of the data associated with this Index Record. The possible type values are defined below.

offset

Location in the Store of the data associated with this Index Record. This value should between 0 and the value contained in the hsize of the Header Structure.

count

Size of the data associated with this Index Record. The count is the number of elements whose size is defined by the type of this Record.


1.1.2.2.1. Index Type Values

The possible values for the type field are defined in this table.

Table 1-3. Index Type values

TypeValueSize (in bytes)Alignment
RPM_NULL_TYPE0Not Implemented. 
RPM_CHAR_TYPE111
RPM_INT8_TYPE211
RPM_INT16_TYPE322
RPM_INT32_TYPE444
RPM_INT64_TYPE5Reserved. 
RPM_STRING_TYPE6variable, NUL terminated1
RPM_BIN_TYPE711
RPM_STRING_ARRAY_TYPE8Variable, sequence of NUL terminated strings1
RPM_I18NSTRING_TYPE9variable, sequence of NUL terminated strings1

The string arrays specified for enties of type RPM_STRING_ARRAY_TYPE and RPM_I18NSTRING_TYPE are vectors of strings in a contiguous block of memory, each element separated from its neighbors by a NUL character.

Index records with type RPM_I18NSTRING_TYPE shall always have a count of 1. The array entries in an index of type RPM_I18NSTRING_TYPE correspond to the locale names contained in the RPMTAG_HDRI18NTABLE index.


1.1.2.2.2. Index Tag Values

Some values are designated as header private, and may appear in any header structure. These are defined here. Additional values are defined in later sections.

Table 1-4. Header Private Tag Values

NameTag ValueTypeCountStatus
RPMTAG_HEADERSIGNATURES62BIN16Optional
RPMTAG_HEADERIMMUTABLE63BIN16Optional
RPMTAG_HEADERI18NTABLE100STRING_ARRAY Required

RPMTAG_HEADERSIGNATURES

The signature tag differentiates a signature header from a metadata header, and identifies the original contents of the signature header.

RPMTAG_HEADERIMMUTABLE

This tag contains an index record which specifies the portion of the Header Record which was used for the calculation of a signature. This data shall be preserved or any header-only signature will be invalidated.

RPMTAG_HEADERI18NTABLE

Contains a list of locales for which strings are provided in other parts of the package.

Not all Index records defined here will be present in all packages. Each tag value has a status which is defined here.

Required

This Index Record shall be present.

Optional

This Index Record may be present.

Informational

This Index Record may be present, but does not contribute to the processing of the package.

Deprecated

This Index Record should not be present.

Obsolete

This Index Record shall not be present.

Reserved

This Index Record shall not be present.


1.1.2.3. Header Store

The header store contains the values specified by the Index structures. These values are aligned according to their type and padding is used if needed. The store is located immediately following the Index structures.


1.1.3. Signature Section

The Signature section is implemented using the Header structure. The signature section defines the following additional tag values which may be used in the Index structures.

These values exist to provide additional information about the rest of the package.

Table 1-5. Signature Tag Values

NameTag ValueTypeCountStatus
SIGTAG_SIGSIZE1000INT321Required
SIGTAG_PAYLOADSIZE1007INT321Optional

SIGTAG_SIGSIZE

This tag specifies the combined size of the Header and Payload sections.

SIGTAG_PAYLOADSIZE

This tag specifies the uncompressed size of the Payload archive, including the cpio headers.

These values exist to ensure the integrity of the rest of the package.

Table 1-6. Signature Digest Tag Values

NameTag ValueTypeCountStatus
SIGTAG_MD51004BIN16Required
SIGTAG_SHA1HEADER1010STRING1Optional

SIGTAG_MD5

This tag specifies the 128-bit MD5 checksum of the combined Header and Archive sections.

SIGTAG_SHA1HEADER

This index contains the SHA1 checksum of the entire Header Section, including the Header Record, Index Records and Header store.

These values exist to provide authentication of the package.

Table 1-7. Signature Signing Tag Values

NameTag ValueTypeCountStatus
SIGTAG_PGP1002BIN1Optional
SIGTAG_GPG1005BIN65Optional
SIGTAG_DSAHEADER1011BIN1Optional
SIGTAG_RSAHEADER1012BIN1Optional

SIGTAG_PGP

This tag specifies the RSA signature of the combined Header and Payload sections. The data is formatted as a Version 3 Signature Packet as specified in RFC 2440: OpenPGP Message Format.

SIGTAG_GPG

The tag contains the DSA signature of the combined Header and Payload sections. The data is formatted as a Version 3 Signature Packet as specified in RFC 2440: OpenPGP Message Format.

SIGTAG_DSAHEADER

The tag contains the DSA signature of the Header section. The data is formatted as a Version 3 Signature Packet as specified in RFC 2440: OpenPGP Message Format. If this tag is present,then the SIGTAG_GPG tag shall also be present.

SIGTAG_RSAHEADER

The tag contains the RSA signature of the Header section.The data is formatted as a Version 3 Signature Packet as specified in RFC 2440: OpenPGP Message Format. If this tag is present, then the SIGTAG_PGP shall also be present.


1.1.4. Header Section

The Header section is implemented using the Header structure. The Header section defines the following additional tag values which may be used in the Index structures.


1.1.4.1. Package Information

The following tag values are used to indicate information that describes the package as a whole.

Table 1-8. Package Info Tag Values

NameTag ValueTypeCountStatus
RPMTAG_NAME1000STRING1Required
RPMTAG_VERSION1001STRING1Required
RPMTAG_RELEASE1002STRING1Required
RPMTAG_SUMMARY1004I18NSTRING1Required
RPMTAG_DESCRIPTION1005I18NSTRING1Required
RPMTAG_SIZE1009INT321Required
RPMTAG_DISTRIBUTION1010STRING1Informational
RPMTAG_VENDOR1011STRING1Informational
RPMTAG_LICENSE1014STRING1Required
RPMTAG_GROUP1016I18NSTRING1Required
RPMTAG_URL1020STRING1Informational
RPMTAG_OS1021STRING1Required
RPMTAG_ARCH1022STRING1Required
RPMTAG_SOURCERPM1044STRING1Informational
RPMTAG_ARCHIVESIZE1046INT321Optional
RPMTAG_RPMVERSION1064STRING1Informational
RPMTAG_COOKIE1094STRING1Optional
RPMTAG_DISTURL1123STRING1Informational
RPMTAG_PAYLOADFORMAT1124STRING1Required
RPMTAG_PAYLOADCOMPRESSOR1125STRING1Required
RPMTAG_PAYLOADFLAGS1126STRING1Required

RPMTAG_NAME

This tag specifies the name of the package.

RPMTAG_VERSION

This tag specifies the version of the package.

RPMTAG_RELEASE

This tag specifies the release of the package.

RPMTAG_SUMMARY

This tag specifies the summary description of the package. The summary value pointed to by this index record contains a one line description of the package.

RPMTAG_DESCRIPTION

This tag specifies the description of the package. The description value pointed to by this index record contains a full desription of the package.

RPMTAG_SIZE

This tag specifies the sum of the sizes of the regular files in the archive.

RPMTAG_DISTRIBUTION

A string containing the name of the distribution on which the package was built.

RPMTAG_VENDOR

A string containing the name of the organization that produced the package.

RPMTAG_LICENSE

This tag specifies the license which applies to this package.

RPMTAG_GROUP

This tag specifies the administrative group to which this package belongs.

RPMTAG_URL

URL for what??

RPMTAG_OS

This tag specifies the OS of the package. The OS value pointed to by this index record shall be "linux".

RPMTAG_ARCH

This tag specifies the architecture of the package. The architecture value pointed to by this index record is defined in architecture specific LSB specification.

RPMTAG_SOURCERPM

This tag specifies the name of the source RPM

RPMTAG_ARCHIVESIZE

This tag specifies the uncompressed size of the Payload archive, including the cpio headers.

RPMTAG_RPMVERSION

This tag indicates the version of RPM tool used to build this package. The value is unused.

RPMTAG_COOKIE

This tag contains an opaque string whose contents are undefined.

RPMTAG_DISTURL

URL of the distribution?

RPMTAG_PAYLOADFORMAT

This tag specifies the format of the Archive section. The format value pointed to by this index record shall be 'cpio'.

RPMTAG_PAYLOADCOMPRESSOR

This tag specifies the compression used on the Archive section. The compression value pointed to by this index record shall be 'gzip'

RPMTAG_PAYLOADFLAGS

This tag indicates the compression level used for the Payload. This value shall always be '9'.


1.1.4.2. Installation Information

The following tag values are used to provide information needed during the installation of the package.

Table 1-9. Installation Tag Values

NameTag ValueTypeCountStatus
RPMTAG_PREIN1023STRING1Optional
RPMTAG_POSTIN1024STRING1Optional
RPMTAG_PREUN1025STRING1Optional
RPMTAG_POSTUN1026STRING1Optional
RPMTAG_PREINPROG1085STRING1Optional
RPMTAG_POSTINPROG1086STRING1Optional
RPMTAG_PREUNPROG1087STRING1Optional
RPMTAG_POSTUNPROG1088STRING1Optional

RPMTAG_PREIN

This tag specifies the preinstall scriptlet. If present, then RPMTAG_PREINPROG shall also be present.

RPMTAG_POSTIN

This tag specifies the postinstall scriptlet. If present, then RPMTAG_POSTINPROG shall also be present.

RPMTAG_PREUN

his tag specifies the preuninstall scriptlet. If present, then RPMTAG_PREUNPROG shall also be present.

RPMTAG_POSTUN

This tag specified the postuninstall scriptlet. If present, then RPMTAG_POSTUNPROG shall also be present.

RPMTAG_PREINPROG

This tag specifies the name of the intepreter to which the preinstall scriptlet will be passed. The intepreter pointed to by this index record shall be '/bin/sh'.

RPMTAG_POSTINPROG

This tag specifies the name of the intepreter to which the postinstall scriptlet will be passed. The intepreter pointed to by this index record shall be '/bin/sh'.

RPMTAG_PREUNPROG

This tag specifies the name of the intepreter to which the preuninstall scriptlet will be passed. The intepreter pointed to by this index record shall be '/bin/sh'.

RPMTAG_POSTUNPROG

This program specifies the name of the intepreter to which the postuninstall scriptlet will be passed. The intepreter pointed to by this index record shall be '/bin/sh'.


1.1.4.3. File Information

The following tag values are used to provide information about the files in the payload. This information is provided in the header to allow more efficient access of the information.

Table 1-10. File Info Tag Values

NameTag ValueTypeCountStatus
RPMTAG_OLDFILENAMES1027STRING_ARRAY Optional
RPMTAG_FILESIZES1028INT32 Required
RPMTAG_FILEMODES1030INT16 Required
RPMTAG_FILERDEVS1033INT16 Required
RPMTAG_FILEMTIMES1034INT32 Required
RPMTAG_FILEMD5S1035STRING_ARRAY Required
RPMTAG_FILELINKTOS1036STRING_ARRAY Required
RPMTAG_FILEFLAGS1037INT32 Required
RPMTAG_FILEUSERNAME1039STRING_ARRAY Required
RPMTAG_FILEGROUPNAME1040STRING_ARRAY Required
RPMTAG_FILEDEVICES1095INT32 Required
RPMTAG_FILEINODES1096INT32 Required
RPMTAG_FILELANGS1097STRING_ARRAY Required
RPMTAG_DIRINDEXES1116INT32 Optional
RPMTAG_BASENAMES1117STRING_ARRAY Optional
RPMTAG_DIRNAMES1118STRING_ARRAY Optional

RPMTAG_OLDFILENAMES

This tag specifies the filenames when not in a compressed format as determined by the absense of rpmlib(CompressedFileNames) in the RPMTAG_REQUIRENAME index.

RPMTAG_FILESIZES

This tag specifies the size of each file in the archive.

RPMTAG_FILEMODES

This tag specifies the mode of each file in the archive.

RPMTAG_FILERDEVS

This tag specifies the device number from which the file was copied.

RPMTAG_FILEMTIMES

This tag specifies the modification time in seconds since the epoch of each file in the archive.

RPMTAG_FILEMD5S

This tag specifies the ASCII representation of the MD5 sum of the corresponding file contents. This value is empty if the corresponding archive entry is not a regular file.

RPMTAG_FILELINKTOS

The target for a symlink, otherwise NULL.

RPMTAG_FILEFLAGS

This tag specifies the bit(s) to classify and control how files are to be installed.

RPMTAG_FILEUSERNAME

This tag specifies the owner of the corresponding file.

RPMTAG_FILEGROUPNAME

This tag specifies the of the corresponding file.

RPMTAG_FILEDEVICES

This tag specifies the 16 bit device number from which the file was copied.

RPMTAG_FILEINODES

This tag specifies the inode value from the original file on the build host.

RPMTAG_FILELANGS

This tag specifies a per-file locale marker used to install only locale specific subsets of files when the package is installed.

RPMTAG_DIRINDEXES

This tag specifies the index into the array provided by the RPMTAG_DIRNAMES Index which contains the directory name for the corresponding filename.

RPMTAG_BASENAMES

This tag specifies the base portion of the corresponding filename.

RPMTAG_DIRNAMES

This tag specifies the directory portion of the corresponding filename. Each directory name shall contain a trailing '/'.

One of RPMTAG_OLDFILENAMES or the tuple RPMTAG_DIRINDEXES,RPMTAG_BASENAMES,RPMTAG_DIRNAMES shall be present, but not both.


1.1.4.4. Dependency Information

The following tag values are used to provide information about interdependencies between packages.

Table 1-11. Package Dependency Tag Values

NameTag ValueTypeCountStatus
RPMTAG_PROVIDENAME1047STRING_ARRAY1Required
RPMTAG_REQUIREFLAGS1048INT32 Required
RPMTAG_REQUIRENAME1049STRING_ARRAY Required
RPMTAG_REQUIREVERSION1050STRING_ARRAY Required
RPMTAG_CONFLICTFLAGS1053INT32 Optional
RPMTAG_CONFLICTNAME1054STRING_ARRAY Optional
RPMTAG_CONFLICTVERSION1055STRING_ARRAY Optional
RPMTAG_OBSOLETENAME1090STRING_ARRAY Optional
RPMTAG_PROVIDEFLAGS1112INT32 Required
RPMTAG_PROVIDEVERSION1113STRING_ARRAY Required
RPMTAG_OBSOLETEFLAGS1114INT321Optional
RPMTAG_OBSOLETEVERSION1115STRING_ARRAY Optional

RPMTAG_PROVIDENAME

This tag indicates the name of the dependency provided by this package.

RPMTAG_REQUIREFLAGS

Bits(s) to specify the dependency range and context.

RPMTAG_REQUIRENAME

This tag indicates the dependencies for this package.

RPMTAG_REQUIREVERSION

This tag indicates the versions associated with the values found in the RPMTAG_REQUIRENAME Index.

RPMTAG_CONFLICTFLAGS

Bits(s) to specify the conflict range and context.

RPMTAG_CONFLICTNAME

This tag indicates the conflictind dependencies for this package.

RPMTAG_CONFLICTVERSION

This tag indicates the versions associated with the values found in the RPMTAG_CONFLICTNAME Index.

RPMTAG_OBSOLETENAME

This tag indicates the obsoleted dependencies for this package.

RPMTAG_PROVIDEFLAGS

Bits(s) to specify the conflict range and context.

RPMTAG_PROVIDEVERSION

This tag indicates the versions associated with the values found in the RPMTAG_PROVIDENAME Index.

RPMTAG_OBSOLETEFLAGS

Bits(s) to specify the conflict range and context.

RPMTAG_OBSOLETEVERSION

This tag indicates the versions associated with the values found in the RPMTAG_OBSOLETENAME Index.


1.1.4.4.1. Package Dependency Values

The package dependencies are stored in the RPMTAG_REQUIRENAME and RPMTAG_REQUIREVERSION index records. The following values may be used.

Table 1-12. Index Type values

NameVersionMeaningStatus
rpmlib(VersionedDependencies)3.0.3-1Indicates that the package contains RPMTAG_PROVIDENAME, RPMTAG_OBSOLETENAME or RPMTAG_PREREQ records that have a version associated with them.Optional
rpmlib(PayloadFilesHavePrefix)4.0-1Indicates the filenames in the Archive have had "." prepended to them.Optional
rpmlib(CompressedFileNames)3.0.4-1Indicates that the filenames in the Payload are represented in the RPMTAG_DIRINDEXES, RPMTAG_DIRNAME and RPMTAG_BASENAMES indexes.Optional
/bin/sh Interpreter usually required for installation scripts.Optional

Additional dependencies are specified in the Package Dependencies section of this document, and the architecture specific documents.


1.1.4.4.2. Package Dependencies Attributes

The package dependency attributes are stored in the RPMTAG_REQUIREFLAGS, RPMTAG_PROVIDEFLAGS and RPMTAG_OBSOLETEFLAGS index records. The following values may be used.

Table 1-13. Package Dependency Attributes

NameValueMeaning
RPMSENSE_LESS0x02 
RPMSENSE_GREATER0x04 
RPMSENSE_EQUAL0x08 
RPMSENSE_PREREQ0x40 
RPMSENSE_INTERP0x100 
RPMSENSE_SCRIPT_PRE0x200 
RPMSENSE_SCRIPT_POST0x400 
RPMSENSE_SCRIPT_PREUN0x800 
RPMSENSE_SCRIPT_POSTUN0x1000 
RPMSENSE_RPMLIB0x1000000 

1.1.4.5. Other Information

The following tag values are also found in the Header section.

Table 1-14. Other Tag Values

NameTag ValueTypeCountStatus
RPMTAG_BUILDTIME1006INT321Informational
RPMTAG_BUILDHOST1007STRING1Informational
RPMTAG_FILEVERIFYFLAGS1045INT32 Optional
RPMTAG_CHANGELOGTIME1080INT32 Optional
RPMTAG_CHANGELOGNAME1081STRING_ARRAY Optional
RPMTAG_CHANGELOGTEXT1082STRING_ARRAY Optional
RPMTAG_OPTFLAGS1122STRING1Informational
RPMTAG_RHNPLATFORM1131STRING1Deprecated
RPMTAG_PLATFORM1132STRING1Informational

RPMTAG_BUILDTIME

This tag specifies the time as seconds since the epoch at which the package was built.

RPMTAG_BUILDHOST

This tag specifies the hostname of the system on which which the package was built.

RPMTAG_FILEVERIFYFLAGS

This tag specifies the bit(s) to control how files are to be verified after install, specifying which checks should be performed.

RPMTAG_CHANGELOGTIME

This tag specifies the Unix time in seconds since the epoch associated with each entry in the Changelog file.

RPMTAG_CHANGELOGNAME

This tag specifies the name of who made a change to this package

RPMTAG_CHANGELOGTEXT

This tag specifies the changes asssociated with a changelog entry.

RPMTAG_OPTFLAGS

This tag indicates additional flags which may have been passed to the compiler when building this package.

RPMTAG_RHNPLATFORM

This tag contains an opaque string whose contents are undefined.

RPMTAG_PLATFORM

This tag contains an opaque string whose contents are undefined.


1.1.5. Payload Section

The Payload section contains a compressed cpio archive. The format of this section is defined by RFC 1952: GZIP File Format Specification.

When uncompressed, the cpio archive contains a sequence of records for each file. Each record contains a CPIO Header, Filename, Padding, and File Data.

Table 1-15. CPIO File Format

CPIO HeaderHeader structure as defined below.
FilenameNUL terminated ASCII string containing the name of the file.
Padding0-3 bytes as needed to align the file stream to a 4 byte boundary.
File dataThe contents of the file.
Padding0-3 bytes as needed to align the file stream to a 4 byte boundary.

The CPIO Header uses the following header structure (sometimes referred to as "new ASCII" or "SVR4 cpio"). All numbers are stored as ASCII representations of their hexadecimal value with leading zeros as needed to fill the field. With the exception of c_namesize and the corresponding name string, and c_checksum, all information contained in the CPIO Header is also represented in the Header Section. The values in in the CPIO Header shall match the values contained in the Header Section.

struct {
        char    c_magic[6];
        char    c_ino[8];
        char    c_mode[8];
        char    c_uid[8];
        char    c_gid[8];
        char    c_nlink[8];
        char    c_mtime[8];
        char    c_filesize[8];
        char    c_devmajor[8];
        char    c_devminor[8];
        char    c_rdevmajor[8];
        char    c_rdevminor[8];
        char    c_namesize[8];
        char    c_checksum[8];
        };

c_magic

Value identifying this cpio format. This value shall be "070701".

c_ino

This field contains the inode number from the filesystem from which the file was read. This field is ignored when installing a package. This field shall match the corresponding value in the RPMTAG_FILEINODES index in the Header section.

c_mode

Permission bits of the file. This is an ascii representation of the hexadecimal number representing the bit as defined for the st_mode field of the stat structure defined for the stat function. This field shall match the corresponding value in the RPMTAG_FILEMODES index in the Header section.

c_uid

Value identifying this owner of this file. This value matches the uid value of the corresponding user in the RPMTAG_FILEUSERNAME as found on the system where this package was built. The username specified in RPMTAG_FILEUSERNAME should take precedence when installing the package.

c_gid

Value identifying this group of this file. This value matches the gid value of the corresponding user in the RPMTAG_FILEGROUPNAME as found on the system where this package was built. The groupname specified in RPMTAG_FILEGROUPNAME should take precedence when installing the package.

c_nlink

Value identifying the number of links associated with this file. If the value is greater than 1, then this filename will be linked to 1 or more files in this archive that has a matching value for the c_ino, c_devmajor and c_devminor fields.

c_mtime

Value identifying the modification time of the file when it was read. This field shall match the corresponding value in the RPMTAG_FILEMTIMES index in the Header section.

c_filesize

Value identifying the size of the file. This field shall match the corresponding value in the RPMTAG_FILESIZES index in the Header section.

c_devmajor

The major number of the device containing the file system from which the file was read. With the exception of processing files with c_nlink >1, this field is ignored when installing a package. This field shall match the corresponding value in the RPMTAG_FILEDEVICES index in the Header section.

c_devminor

The minor number of the device containing the file system from which the file was read. With the exception of processing files with c_nlink >1, this field is ignored when installing a package. This field shall match the corresponding value in the RPMTAG_FILEDEVICES index in the Header section.

c_rdevmajor

The major number of the raw device containing the file system from which the file was read. This field is ignored when installing a package. This field shall match the corresponding value in the RPMTAG_RDEVS index in the Header section.

c_rdevminor

The minor number of the raw device containing the file system from which the file was read. This field is ignored when installing a package. This field shall match the corresponding value in the RPMTAG_RDEVS index in the Header section.

c_namesize

Value identifying the length of the filename, which is located immediately following the CPIO Header structure.

c_checksum

Value containing the CRC checksum of the file data. This field is not used, and shall contain the value "00000000". This field is ignored when installing a package.

A record with the filename "TRAILER!!!" indicates the last record in the archive.


1.2. Package Script Restrictions

Scripts used as part of the package install and uninstall shall only use commands and interfaces that are specified by the LSB. All other commands are not guaranteed to be present, or to behave in expected ways.

Packages shall not use RPM triggers.

Packages shall not depend on the order in which scripts are executed (pre-install, pre-uninstall, &c), when doing an upgrade.


1.3. Package Tools

The LSB does not specify the interface to the tools used to manipulate LSB-conformant packages. Each conforming distribution shall provide documentation for installing LSB packages.


1.4. Package Naming

Packages supplied by distributions and applications must follow the following rules for the name field within the package. These rules are not required for the filename of the package file itself.[4]

The following rules apply to the name field alone, not including any release or version.[5]

  • If the name begins with "lsb-" and contains no other hyphens, the name shall be assigned by the Linux Assigned Names and Numbers Authority (LANANA), which shall maintain a registry of LSB names. The name may be registered by either a distribution or an application.

  • If the package name begins with "lsb-" and contains more than one hyphen (for example "lsb-distro.example.com-database" or "lsb-gnome-gnumeric"), then the portion of the package name between first and second hyphens shall either be an LSB provider name assigned by the LANANA, or it may be one of the owners' fully-qualified domain names in lower case (e.g., "debian.org", "staroffice.sun.com"). The LSB provider name assigned by LANANA shall only consist of the ASCII characters [a-z0-9]. The provider name or domain name may be either that of a distribution or an application.

  • Package names containing no hyphens are reserved for use by distributions. Applications must not use such names.[6]

  • Package names which do not start with "lsb-" and which contain a hyphen are open to both distributions and applications. Distributions may name packages in any part of this namespace. They are encouraged to use names from one of the other namespaces available to them, but this is not required due to the large amount of current practice to the contrary.[7] Applications may name their packages this way, but only if the portion of the name before the first hyphen is a provider name or registered domain name as described above.[8]Note that package names in this namespace are available to both the distribution and an application. Distributions and applications will need to consider this potential for conflicts when deciding to use these names rather than the alternatives (such as names starting with "lsb-").


1.5. Package Dependencies

Packages shall have a dependency that indicates which LSB modules are required. LSB module descriptions are dash seperated tuples containing the name 'lsb', the module name, and the architecture name. The following dependencies may be used.

lsb-core-arch

This dependency is used to indicate that the application is dependent on features contained in the LSB-Core specification.

lsb-core-noarch

This dependency is used to indicate that the application is dependent on features contained in the LSB-Core specification and that the package does not contain any architecture specific files.

These dependencies shall have a version of 3.0.

Packages shall not depend on other system-provided dependencies. They shall not depend on non-system-provided dependencies unless those dependencies are fulfilled by packages which are part of the same application. A package may only provide a virtual package name which is registered to that application.

Other modules in the LSB may supplement this list. The architecture specific dependencies are described in the relevant architecture specific LSB.


1.6. Package Architecture Considerations

Packages which do not contain any architecture specific files must specify an architecture of noarch. A LSB runtime environment must accept values noarch, or the value specified in the architecture specific supplement.

Additional specifications or restrictions may be found in the architecture specific LSB specification.


Appendix A. GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.1, March 2000

Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.


A.1. PREAMBLE

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.


A.2. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".

A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.

A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License.

The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License.

A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.


A.3. VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.


A.4. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.


A.5. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

  1. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.

  2. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).

  3. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.

  4. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

  5. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.

  6. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.

  7. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.

  8. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

  9. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.

  10. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.

  11. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.

  12. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

  13. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.

  14. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.


A.6. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."


A.7. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.


A.8. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.


A.9. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License provided that you also include the original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original English version of this License, the original English version will prevail.


A.10. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.


A.11. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.


A.12. How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections" instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.

Notes

[1]

Future versions of this specification might define additional service names.

[2]

Supplying an RPM format package is encouraged because it makes systems easier to manage. A future version of the LSB may require RPM, or specify a way for an installer to update a package database.

Applications are also encouraged to uninstall cleanly.

[3]

The distribution itself may use a different packaging format for its own packages, and of course it may use any available mechanism for installing the LSB-conformant packages.

[4]

For example, there are discrepancies among distributions concerning whether the name might be frobnicator-1.7-21-ppc32.rpm or frobnicator-1.7-21-powerpc32.rpm. The architecture aside, recommended practice is for the filename of the package file to match the name within the package.

[5]

For example, if the name with the release and version is frobnicator-1.7-21, the name part is frobnicator and falls under the rules for a name with no hyphens.

[6]

For example, "frobnicator".

[7]

For example, ssh-common, ssh-client, kernel-pcmcia, and the like. Possible alternative names include sshcommon, foolinux-ssh-common (where foolinux is registered to the distribution), or lsb-foolinux-ssh-common.

[8]

For example, if an application vendor has domain name visicalc.example.com and has registered visicalc as a provider name, they might name packages visicalc-base, visicalc.example.com-charting, and the like.